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THE GALACTIC CENTER ENVIRONMENT
Abstract
▪ Abstract The central half kiloparsec region of our Galaxy harbors a variety of phenomena unique to the central environment. This review discusses the observed structure and activity of the interstellar medium in this region in terms of its inevitable inflow toward the center of the Galactic gravitational potential well. A number of dissipative processes lead to a strong concentration of gas into a “Central Molecular Zone” of about 200-pc radius, in which the molecular medium is characterized by large densities, large velocity dispersions, high temperatures, and apparently strong magnetic fields. The physical state of the gas and the resultant star formation processes occurring in this environment are therefore quite unlike those occurring in the large-scale disk. Gas not consumed by star formation either enters a hot X ray–emitting halo and is lost as a thermally driven galactic wind or continues moving inward, probably discontinuously, through the domain of the few parsec-sized circumnuclear disks and eventually into the central parsec. There, the central radio source SgrA*currently accepts only a tiny fraction of the inflowing material, likely as a result of a limit cycle wherein the continual inflow of matter provokes star formation, which in turn can temporarily halt the inflow via mass-outflow winds.
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“The CMZ is a disk-like region of dense ( ≳ 10 3 cm -3 ) gas within + 1 . 7 ◦ ≲ l ≲ -1 ◦ ( R ≃ 200 pc, assuming a Galactocentric radii of 8 . 5 kpc), | b | ≲ 0 . 5 ◦ ( H ≃ 75 pc), and | v rot | ≲ 150 km s -1 (Panel a of Fig 8; Sofue 1995; Morris & Serabyn 1996; Molinari et al. 2011; Henshaw et al. 2016, 2022; Sormani et al. 2022).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Morris & Serabyn 1996
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张, Z. 朕. Z., Lu, X., Liu, T., Qin, S., Ginsburg, A. G., Cheng, Y., Liu, H. B., Walker, D. L., Tang, X., Li, S., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad9f28 · Cited by 6
Tanaka, K., Nagai, M., Kamegai, K., Iino, T., & Sakai, T. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abbcca · Cited by 6
Burke, B. F., Smith, F. G., & Wilkinson, P. N. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316987506.006 · Cited by 6
A Wide Metallicity Range for Gyr-old Stars in the Nuclear Star Cluster
Thorsbro, B., Forsberg, R., Kordopatis, G., Mastrobuono-Battisti, A., Church, R. P., Rich, R. M., Ryde, N., Schultheis, M., & Nishiyama, S. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad08b1 · Cited by 6
The JCMT BISTRO Survey: Magnetic Fields Align with Orbital Structure in the Galactic Center
Karoly, J., Ward-Thompson, D., Pattle, K. M., Longmore, S. N., Francesco, J. D., Whitworth, A. P., Johnstone, D., Sadavoy, S., Koch, P. M., Yang, M.-Z., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adbc67 · Cited by 6
Longmore, S. N., & Kruijssen, J. M. D. (2018) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies6020055 · Cited by 6
Hot molecular core candidates in the Galactic center 50 km s−1 molecular cloud
Miyawaki, R., Tsuboi, M., Uehara, K., & Miyazaki, A. (2021) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psab056 · Cited by 6
Enokiya, R., & Fukui, Y. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac674f · Cited by 6
The recent star formation history of NGC 628 on resolved scales
Lomaeva, M., Looze, I. D., Saintonge, A., & Decleir, M. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2940 · Cited by 6
Paré, D. M., Lang, C., & Morris, M. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca40a · Cited by 6
Self-citationAkshaya, M. S., & Hoang, T. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1246 · Cited by 7
IMPRINTS OF MOLECULAR CLOUDS IN RADIO CONTINUUM IMAGES
Yusef-Zadeh, F. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/l11 · Cited by 6
Magnetic fields in our Milky Way Galaxy and nearby galaxies
Han, J. L. (2012) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921313002561 · Cited by 6
Restrictions on the injection energy of positrons annihilating near the Galactic Centre
Chernyshov, D. O., Cheng, K. S., Dogiel, V. A., Ko, C., & Ip, W.-H. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16154.x · Cited by 6
Large‐scale distribution of interstellar matter in the central region of our Galaxy
Ferrière, K. (2008) · Astronomische Nachrichten · doi:10.1002/asna.200811054 · Cited by 6
The cosmic ray ionization rate in the central parsec of the Galaxy
Goto, M. (2013) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921314001070 · Cited by 6
A Brief Update on the CMZoom Survey
Battersby, C., Keto, E., Zhang, Q., Longmore, S. N., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Pillai, T., Kauffmann, J., Walker, D. L., Lu, X., Ginsburg, A. G., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921316012266 · Cited by 6
The diffuse molecular component in the nuclear bulge of the Milky Way
Riquelme, D., Bronfman, L., Mauersberger, R., Finger, R., Henkel, C., Wilson, T. L., & Cortés-Zuleta, P. (2018) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730602/pdf · Cited by 6
Multiple episodes of star formation in the CN15/16/17 molecular complex
Gennaro, M., Bik, A., Brandner, W., Stolte, A., Rochau, B., Beuther, H., Gouliermis, D. A., Tackenberg, J., Kudryavtseva, N., Hußmann, B., et al. (2012) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201218980/pdf · Cited by 6
Molecular fraction in the Galactic Centre: The Central Molecular and H i Zones
Sofue, Y. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2445 · Cited by 6
Gesu, L. D., Ferrazzoli, R., Donnarumma, I., Paolo Soffitta, A., Costa, E., Muleri, F., Pesce-Rollins, M., & Marin, F. (2020) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037886/pdf · Cited by 6
Near-infrared adaptive optics imaging of nuclear spiral structure in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 3227
Chapman, S. C., Morris, S. L., & Walker, G. A. H. (2002) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03867.x · Cited by 6
Interactions of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays with photons in the galactic center
Kusenko, A., Schissel, J., & Stecker, F. W. (2006) · Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2006.02.001 · Cited by 6
Spatial Diffusion of Stars in the Inner Galactic Bulge
Kim, S. S., & Morris, M. (2001) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 6
Self-citationImprints of Molecular Clouds in Radio Continuum ImagesPreprint
Yusef-Zadeh, F. (2016) · Cited by 6
Gas dynamics in the central molecular zone and its connection with the galactic bar
Chaves-Velasquez, L., Gómez, G. C., & Pérez-Villegas, Á. (2024) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia · doi:10.1017/pasa.2024.130 · Cited by 5
Pendleton, Y. J., Geballe, T. R., Schunová, E., Decleir, M., Gordon, K. D., Tielens, A. G. G. M., Allamandola, L. J., Bouwman, J., Chiar, J. E., DeWitt, C. N., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adfc3d · Cited by 5
Identification of a high-velocity compact nebular filament 2.2 arcsec south of the Galactic Centre
Steiner, J. E., Menezes, R. B., & Amorim, D. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt375 · Cited by 5
Gamma rays from the Galactic Centre region
Su, M., & van Eldik, C. (2015) · Comptes Rendus Physique · doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2015.09.001 · Cited by 5
Accurate OH Maser Positions. II. The Galactic Center Region
Qiao, H.-H. (., Walsh, A. (., Breen, S. (., Gomez, J. (., Dawson, J. (., Imai, H. (., Ellingsen, S. P., Green, J. (., & Shen, Z.-Q. (. (2018) · Figshare · Cited by 5
MHD Simulation in Galactic Center Region with Radiative Cooling and Heating
Kakiuchi, K., Suzuki, T. K., Inutsuka, S., Inoue, T., & Shimoda, J. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad3638 · Cited by 5
Paré, D. M., Lang, C., & Morris, M. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad74fe · Cited by 5
Self-citationNonthermal filamentary radio features within 20 pc of the Galactic center
Morris, M., Zhao, J., & Goss, W. M. (2013) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921314000933 · Cited by 5
Self-citationFeedback between Sgr A and B: AGN–starburst connection in the galactic centre
Sofue, Y. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2389 · Cited by 6
Oka, T., & Geballe, T. R. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac3912 · Cited by 5
A galactic breeze origin for the Fermi bubbles emission
Tourmente, O., Rodgers-Lee, D., & Taylor, A. M. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3517 · Cited by 5
Gesu, L. D., Ferrazzoli, R., Donnarumma, I., Soffitta, P., Costa, E., Muleri, F., Pesce-Rollins, M., & Marin, F. (2020) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037886 · Cited by 2
Galactic Prominences on the Rise
Morris, M. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1133500 · Cited by 5
Self-citationAstrophysical evidence for massive black holes
Laor, A. (1999) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/s0370-1573(98)00123-9 · Cited by 5
A Chain of Dark Clouds in Projection Against the Galactic Center
Nagayama, T., Sato, S., Nishiyama, Y., Murai, S., Nagata, T., Hatano, H., Kurita, M., Tamura, M., Nakajima, Y., Sugitani, K., et al. (2009) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/61.2.283 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Morris, M., & Serabyn, E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1996-09
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 645-701
- ISSN
- 0066-4146 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4282
- OpenAlex
- W2127604531
- Cited by
- 930
- References
- 344
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 1.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Galactic Center, interstellar medium, Central Molecular Zone, gas inflow, molecular gas, velocity dispersion, magnetic field, star formation, galactic winds, circumnuclear disk, Sgr A*, supermassive black holes
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