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THE GALACTIC CENTER ENVIRONMENT
Abstract
▪ Abstract The central half kiloparsec region of our Galaxy harbors a variety of phenomena unique to the central environment. This review discusses the observed structure and activity of the interstellar medium in this region in terms of its inevitable inflow toward the center of the Galactic gravitational potential well. A number of dissipative processes lead to a strong concentration of gas into a “Central Molecular Zone” of about 200-pc radius, in which the molecular medium is characterized by large densities, large velocity dispersions, high temperatures, and apparently strong magnetic fields. The physical state of the gas and the resultant star formation processes occurring in this environment are therefore quite unlike those occurring in the large-scale disk. Gas not consumed by star formation either enters a hot X ray–emitting halo and is lost as a thermally driven galactic wind or continues moving inward, probably discontinuously, through the domain of the few parsec-sized circumnuclear disks and eventually into the central parsec. There, the central radio source SgrA*currently accepts only a tiny fraction of the inflowing material, likely as a result of a limit cycle wherein the continual inflow of matter provokes star formation, which in turn can temporarily halt the inflow via mass-outflow winds.
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“The CMZ is a disk-like region of dense ( ≳ 10 3 cm -3 ) gas within + 1 . 7 ◦ ≲ l ≲ -1 ◦ ( R ≃ 200 pc, assuming a Galactocentric radii of 8 . 5 kpc), | b | ≲ 0 . 5 ◦ ( H ≃ 75 pc), and | v rot | ≲ 150 km s -1 (Panel a of Fig 8; Sofue 1995; Morris & Serabyn 1996; Molinari et al. 2011; Henshaw et al. 2016, 2022; Sormani et al. 2022).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Morris & Serabyn 1996
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Purcell, C. R., Longmore, S. N., Walsh, A., Whiting, M. T., Breen, S. L., Britton, T., Brooks, K., Burton, M., Cunningham, M., Green, J., et al. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21800.x · Cited by 88
The life cycle of the Central Molecular Zone – I. Inflow, star formation, and winds
Armillotta, L., Krumholz, M. R., Di Teodoro, E. M., & McClure-Griffiths, N. M. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2880 · Cited by 85
A theoretical explanation for the Central Molecular Zone asymmetry
Sormani, M. C., Treß, R. G., Ridley, M., Glover, S. C. O., Klessen, R. S., Binney, J. J., Magorrian, J., & Smith, R. J. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3258 · Cited by 94
Cloud–cloud collision as drivers of the chemical complexity in Galactic Centre molecular clouds
Zeng, S., Zhang, Q., Jiménez-Serra, I., Tercero, B., Lu, X., Martín-Pintado, J., de Vicente, P., Rivilla, V. M., & Li, S. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2187 · Cited by 87
A novel scenario for the possible X-ray line feature at ~3.5 keV
Gu, L., Kaastra, J. S., Raassen, A. J. J., Mullen, P. D., Cumbee, R., Lyons, D., & Stancil, P. C. (2015) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527634 · Cited by 87
Mauerhan, J. C., Cotera, A. S., Dong, H., Morris, M., Wang, Q. D., Stolovy, S. R., & Lang, C. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/725/1/188 · Cited by 87
Self-citationSelf-consistent modelling of the Milky Way’s nuclear stellar disc
Sormani, M. C., Sanders, J. L., Fritz, T. K., Smith, L. C., Gerhard, O., Schödel, R., Magorrian, J., Neumayer, N., Nogueras-Lara, F., Feldmeier-Krause, A., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac639 · Cited by 77
Molecular Loops in the Galactic Center: Evidence for Magnetic Flotation
Fukui, Y., Yamamoto, H., Fujishita, M., Kudo, N., Torii, K., Nozawa, S., Takahashi, K. T., Matsumoto, R., Machida, M., Kawamura, A., et al. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1130425 · Cited by 86
Effects of Gas on Formation and Evolution of Stellar Bars and Nuclear Rings in Disk Galaxies
Seo, W.-Y., Kim, W., Kwak, S., Hsieh, P.-Y., Han, C., & Hopkins, P. F. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aafc5f · Cited by 98
Oka, T., Geballe, T. R., Goto, M., Usuda, T., Benjamin, J. M., & Indriolo, N. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab3647 · Cited by 85
The Arches Cluster - Evidence for a Truncated Mass Function?Preprint
Stolte, A., Brandner, W., Grebel, E. K., Lenzen, R., & Lagrange, A. M. (2005) · Cited by 85
Physical Processes in Star Formation
Girichidis, P., Offner, S., Kritsuk, A., Klessen, R., Hennebelle, P., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Krause, M., Glover, S., & Padovani, M. (2020) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-020-00693-8 · Cited by 40
Distributed Star Formation throughout the Galactic Center Cloud Sgr B2
Ginsburg, A., Bally, J., Barnes, A., Bastian, N., Battersby, C., Beuther, H., Brogan, C. L., Contreras, Y., Corby, J., Darling, J., et al. (2018) · Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln) · Cited by 84
TRIGONOMETRIC PARALLAXES TO STAR-FORMING REGIONS WITHIN 4 kpc OF THE GALACTIC CENTERPreprint
Moscadelli, L., & Immer, K. (2016) · Cited by 84
Recent star formation in the inner Galactic bulge seen by ISOGAL: II. The central molecular zone
Immer, K., Schuller, F., Omont, A., & Menten, K. M. (2012) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117857 · Cited by 81
Shetty, R., Kelly, B., & Bigiel, F. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sts617 · Cited by 69
Blowing in the Milky Way Wind: Neutral Hydrogen Clouds Tracing the Galactic Nuclear Outflow
Di Teodoro, E. M., McClure-Griffiths, N. M., Lockman, F. J., Denbo, S. R., Endsley, R., Ford, H. A., & Harrington, K. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaad6a · Cited by 79
The Stellar Content of Obscured Galactic Giant H [CSC]ii[/CSC] Regions. II. W42
Blum, R., Conti, P. S., & Damineli, A. (2000) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/301317 · Cited by 80
AN ENHANCED RATE OF TIDAL DISRUPTIONS IN THE CENTRALLY OVERDENSE E+A GALAXY NGC 3156
Stone, N. C., & van Velzen, S. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8205/825/1/l14 · Cited by 79
The mean infrared emission of Sagittarius A*
Schödel, R., Morris, M., Mužić, K., Alberdi, A., Meyer, L., Eckart, A., & Gezari, D. Y. (2011) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116994 · Cited by 79
Self-citationTHE CHEMICAL ABUNDANCES IN THE GALACTIC CENTER FROM THE ATMOSPHERES OF RED SUPERGIANTS
Davies, B., Origlia, L., Kudritzki, R., Figer, D. F., Rich, R. M., & Najarro, F. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/694/1/46 · Cited by 78
The Nature of the Molecular Environment within 5 Parsecs of the Galactic Center
Herrnstein, R. M., & Ho, P. T. P. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/426047 · Cited by 78
Positron transport in the interstellar medium
Jean, P., Gillard, W., Marcowith, A., & Ferrière, K. (2009) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200809830 · Cited by 78
The SARAO MeerKAT 1.3 GHz Galactic Plane Survey
Goedhart, S., Cotton, W. D., Camilo, F., Thompson, M. A., Umana, G., Bietenholz, M. F., Woudt, P. A., Anderson, L. D., Bordiú, C., Buckley, D. A. H., et al. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1166 · Cited by 82
Traces of Past Activity in the Galactic Centre
Ponti, G., Morris, M. R., Terrier, R., & Goldwurm, A. (2013) · Astrophysics and space science proceedings · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35410-6_26 · Cited by 94
Self-citationHigh‐Resolution Observations of OH (1720 MHz) Masers toward the Galactic Center
Yusef‐Zadeh, F., Roberts, D. A., Goss, W. M., Frail, D. A., & Green, A. J. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/306769 · Cited by 77
A population of dust-enshrouded objects orbiting the Galactic black hole
Ciurlo, A., Campbell, R. D., Morris, M. R., Do, T., Ghez, A. M., Hees, A., Sitarski, B. N., O’Neil, K. K., Chu, D. S., Martinez, G. D., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1883-y · Cited by 78
Self-citationThe Stellar Populations in the Central Parsecs of Galactic Bulges
Sarzi, M., Rix, H., Shields, J. C., Ho, L. C., Barth, A. J., Rudnick, G., Filippenko, A. V., & Sargent, W. L. W. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/428637 · Cited by 76
Phosphorus-bearing molecules in the Galactic Center
Rivilla, V. M., Jiménez-Serra, I., Zeng, S., Martín, S., Martín-Pintado, J., Armijos-Abendaño, J., Viti, S., Aladro, R., Riquelme, D., Requena-Torres, M. A., et al. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slx208 · Cited by 76
Joseph, T., Lazio, W., & Cordes, J. M. (1998) · Cited by 76
ON THE TEMPERATURE STRUCTURE OF THE GALACTIC CENTER CLOUD G0.253+0.016
Clark, P. C., Glover, S. C. O., Ragan, S. E., Shetty, R., & Klessen, R. S. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/768/2/l34 · Cited by 75
Krieger, N., Ott, J., Beuther, H., Walter, F., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Meier, D. S., Mills, E. A. C., Contreras, Y., Edwards, P., Ginsburg, A. G., et al. (2017) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 75
Self-citationThe Unusual Initial Mass Function of the Arches Cluster
Hosek, M., Lu, Jr., Anderson, J., Najarro, F., Ghez, A., Morris, M., Clarkson, W., & Albers, S. (2019) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 74
Self-citationAn Introduction to Radio Astronomy
Burke, B. F., Smith, F. G., & Wilkinson, P. N. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316987506 · Cited by 78
Supernova Blast Waves in Low‐Density Hot Media: A Mechanism for Spatially Distributed Heating
Tang, S., & Wang, Q. D. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/430875 · Cited by 74
Molecular Tracers of the Central 12 Parsecs of the Galactic Center
Wright, M. C. H., Coil, A. L., McGary, R. S., Ho, P. T. P., & Harris, A. I. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/320089 · Cited by 73
Fermi Bubbles in the Milky Way: the closest AGN feedback laboratory courtesy of Sgr A∗?Preprint
Zubovas, K., & Nayakshin, S. (2014) · Cited by 73
A magnetic torsional wave near the Galactic Centre traced by a ‘double helix’ nebula
Morris, M., Uchida, K. I., & Do, T. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04554 · Cited by 72
Self-citationLis, D. C., & Menten, K. M. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/306366 · Cited by 72
Isolated Hot Stars in the Galactic Center Vicinity
Cotera, A. S., Simpson, J. P., Erickson, E. F., Colgan, S. W. J., Burton, M., & Allen, D. A. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/306595 · Cited by 72
A NEW LOOK AT THE GALACTIC CIRCUMNUCLEAR DISK
Oka, T., Nagai, M., Kamegai, K., & Tanaka, K. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/732/2/120 · Cited by 71
Metadata
- Authors
- Morris, M., & Serabyn, E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1996-09
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 645-701
- ISSN
- 0066-4146 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4282
- OpenAlex
- W2127604531
- Cited by
- 930
- References
- 344
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 1.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Galactic Center, interstellar medium, Central Molecular Zone, gas inflow, molecular gas, velocity dispersion, magnetic field, star formation, galactic winds, circumnuclear disk, Sgr A*, supermassive black holes
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