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THE GALACTIC CENTER ENVIRONMENT
Abstract
▪ Abstract The central half kiloparsec region of our Galaxy harbors a variety of phenomena unique to the central environment. This review discusses the observed structure and activity of the interstellar medium in this region in terms of its inevitable inflow toward the center of the Galactic gravitational potential well. A number of dissipative processes lead to a strong concentration of gas into a “Central Molecular Zone” of about 200-pc radius, in which the molecular medium is characterized by large densities, large velocity dispersions, high temperatures, and apparently strong magnetic fields. The physical state of the gas and the resultant star formation processes occurring in this environment are therefore quite unlike those occurring in the large-scale disk. Gas not consumed by star formation either enters a hot X ray–emitting halo and is lost as a thermally driven galactic wind or continues moving inward, probably discontinuously, through the domain of the few parsec-sized circumnuclear disks and eventually into the central parsec. There, the central radio source SgrA*currently accepts only a tiny fraction of the inflowing material, likely as a result of a limit cycle wherein the continual inflow of matter provokes star formation, which in turn can temporarily halt the inflow via mass-outflow winds.
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“The CMZ is a disk-like region of dense ( ≳ 10 3 cm -3 ) gas within + 1 . 7 ◦ ≲ l ≲ -1 ◦ ( R ≃ 200 pc, assuming a Galactocentric radii of 8 . 5 kpc), | b | ≲ 0 . 5 ◦ ( H ≃ 75 pc), and | v rot | ≲ 150 km s -1 (Panel a of Fig 8; Sofue 1995; Morris & Serabyn 1996; Molinari et al. 2011; Henshaw et al. 2016, 2022; Sormani et al. 2022).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Morris & Serabyn 1996
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Armijos-Abendaño, J., Martín-Pintado, J., Requena-Torres, M. A., González-Alfonso, E., Güsten, R., Weiß, A., Harris, A. I., Israel, F. P., Kramer, C., Stutzki, J., et al. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833897 · Cited by 2
Distance to three molecular clouds in the central molecular zone
Nogueras-Lara, F., Schödel, R., Neumayer, N., & Schultheis, M. (2021) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140554/pdf · Cited by 2
Perspective from a Younger Generation — The Astro-spectroscopy of Gisbert Winnewisser
Menten, K. M. (1997) · Springer proceedings in physics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18902-9_11 · Cited by 2
Physical conditions and molecular chemistry of the Central Molecular Zone
Rodríguez-Fernández, N. J. (2006) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/54/1/006 · Cited by 2
Structure and Dynamics of the Galactic System
Binney, J. J., Freeman, K. C., Blitz, L., Bloemen, H., Fridman, A. M., Genzel, R., Kalnajs, A. J., Matteucci, F., Morris, M., Palouš, J., et al. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-5762-9_34 · Cited by 2
Self-citationLongmore, S. N. (2014) · Astrophysics and space science proceedings · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-03041-8_73 · Cited by 2
Central Molecular Zone of the Milky Way: Star Formation in an extreme Environment
Kauffmann, J. (2015) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921316007444 · Cited by 2
Iorio, L. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac09f8 · Cited by 2
Spatially Resolved Very Large Array 74 MHz Observations Toward the Galactic Center
Brogan, C. L., Nord, M., Kassim, N. E., Lazio, J., & Anantharamaiah, K. R. (2003) · doi:10.1002/9783527617982.ch3 · Cited by 2
ALMA View of the High-velocity-dispersion Compact Cloud CO 0.02–0.02 at the Galactic Center
Iwata, Y., Oka, T., Takekawa, S., Tsujimoto, S., & Enokiya, R. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acc9b0 · Cited by 2
Liu, B., & Yang, R. (2024) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.110.063033 · Cited by 2
Zweibel, E. G. (2010) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921311017546 · Cited by 2
Gas inflow and star formation near supermassive black holes: the role of nuclear activity
Frazer, C. C., & Heitsch, F. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2083 · Cited by 2
Lazio, T. J. W., & LaRosa, T. N. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1100793 · Cited by 2
The Initial Mass Function in the Galactic Center
Figer, D. F. (2001) · Springer proceedings in physics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-56538-0_2 · Cited by 2
Molecular clouds and star formation in the Magellanic Clouds and the Milky Way
Kawamura, A. (2007) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/s10509-007-9646-x · Cited by 2
Massive stars in the galactic center
Najarro, F. (2000) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/s1387-6473(00)00053-1 · Cited by 2
The Stellar Content of Obscured Galactic Giant HII Regions
Blum, R., Conti, P. S., & Damineli, A. (2001) · Springer proceedings in physics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-56538-0_6 · Cited by 2
Abundance patterns in stars in the bulge and Galactic center
Cunha, K., Smith, V. V., Sellgren, K., Blum, R., Ramírez, S., & Terndrup, D. M. (2007) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921308018061 · Cited by 2
8.1. Magnetic phenomena in galactic nuclei
Morris, M. (1998) · Symposium - International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s0074180900085144 · Cited by 2
Self-citationJímenez-Serra, I., Martín-Pintado, J., Rivilla, V., Almeida, L. F. R., Alonso, E. R. A., Zeng, S., Cocinero, E., Martín, S., Requena-Torres, M., Mart'in-Dom'enech, R., et al. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2004.07834 · Cited by 2
X-ray Filament with a Strong 6.7 keV Line in the Galactic Center RegionPreprint
Yamauchi, S., Shimizu, M., Nakashima, S., Nobukawa, M., Tsuru, T. G., Koyama, K., 山内, 茂., 清水, 美., 中島, 真., 信川正順, et al. (2014) · Cited by 2
Unveiling the Massive Stars in the Galactic CenterPreprint
Dong, H., Mauerhan, J. C., Morris, M., Wang, Q. D., & Cotera, A. S. (2016) · Cited by 2
Self-citationThe Galactic Center with RomanPreprint
Terry, S. K., Hosek, M. W., Lu, J. R., Lam, C. Y., Abrams, N. S., Bahramian, A., Barry, R. K., Beaulieu, J.-P., Bhattacharya, A., Chu, D. S., et al. (2023) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2306.12485 · Cited by 10
Ring or No Ring—Revisiting the Multiphase Nuclear Environment in M31
Li, Z., Su, Z., Wang, S., Zhou, Y. F., Li, Z., Lyu, X., Meng, F., Zhang, K., Li, D., Tsai, C., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adc103 · Cited by 1
Baharin, N. B., Nazri, A. A., Rosli, Z., Abidin, Z., Tajuddin, H. A., Esimbek, J., Li, D. L., & Tang, X. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/add691 · Cited by 2
X-ray emission of the Nuclear Stellar Disk as seen by SRG/ART-XC
Nezabudkin, V., Krivonos, R., Sazonov, S., Burenin, R., Lutovinov, A., Filippova, E., Tkachenko, A., & Pavlinsky, M. (2025) · Journal of High Energy Astrophysics · doi:10.1016/j.jheap.2025.100473
Parallel Alignments between Magnetic Fields and Dense Structures in the Central Molecular Zone
Pan, X., Zhang, Q., Qiu, K., Paré, D. M., Chuss, D. T., Butterfield, N., Treß, R. G., Sormani, M. C., Tang, Y., Longmore, S. N., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adf8c7 · Cited by 1
Chemical analysis of the Milky Way’s nuclear star cluster
Schultheis, M., Serrano, L., Thorsbro, B., Nogueras-Lara, F., Feldmeier-Krause, A., Nandakumar, G., Fiteni, K., Sormani, M. C., & Ryde, N. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202557723 · Cited by 1
Intermediate-mass black hole incubators
Haas, J., Kroupa, P., & Mazurenko, S. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202557595 · Cited by 1
Diffuse X-Ray Emission in the Sagittarius C Complex
Zhu, Z., Morris, M., Ponti, G., & Zhou, P. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae547c · Cited by 1
Self-citationWhat Heats the Dense Gas in the Galactic Center?
Yue, Z., Ao, Y., Tang, X., Lu, X., Gong, Y., & Henkel, C. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae5b94 · Cited by 1
Treß, R. G., Brucy, N., Girichidis, P., Glover, S. C. O., Göller, J., Hirschmann, M., Klessen, R. S., Peter, T., Petersson, J., Sormani, M. C., et al. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202558503 · Cited by 1
Shock structure and shock heating in the Galactic central molecular zone
Ott, J., Burton, M., Jones, P., & Meier, D. S. (2013) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921314000283 · Cited by 1
Unveiling the massive stars in the Galactic center
Dong, H., Mauerhan, J., Morris, M. R., Wang, Q. D., & Cotera, A. (2013) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921314000635 · Cited by 1
Self-citationCNO Abundances in the Quintuplet Cluster M Supergiant 5-7
Ram�rez, S. V., Sellgren, K., Blum, R., & Terndrup, D. M. (2003) · Astronomische Nachrichten · doi:10.1002/asna.200385083 · Cited by 1
X-ray Emission from Stellar Clusters Near the Galactic Center
Law, C. J., & Yusef-Zadeh, F. (2003) · Astronomische Nachrichten · doi:10.1002/asna.200385067 · Cited by 1
Regularized OSIRIS 3D spectroscopy at the circumnuclear disk ionization front
Paumard, T., Morris, M., Do, T., & Ghez, A. M. (2013) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921314000301 · Cited by 1
Self-citationThe chemistry and kinematics of two molecular clouds near Sagittarius A*
Lopez, J. A. P., Cunningham, M., Jones, P. A., Marshall, J. P., Bronfman, L., Lo, N., & Walsh, A. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1975 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Morris, M., & Serabyn, E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1996-09
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 645-701
- ISSN
- 0066-4146 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4282
- OpenAlex
- W2127604531
- Cited by
- 930
- References
- 344
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 1.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Galactic Center, interstellar medium, Central Molecular Zone, gas inflow, molecular gas, velocity dispersion, magnetic field, star formation, galactic winds, circumnuclear disk, Sgr A*, supermassive black holes
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