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THE GALACTIC CENTER ENVIRONMENT
Abstract
▪ Abstract The central half kiloparsec region of our Galaxy harbors a variety of phenomena unique to the central environment. This review discusses the observed structure and activity of the interstellar medium in this region in terms of its inevitable inflow toward the center of the Galactic gravitational potential well. A number of dissipative processes lead to a strong concentration of gas into a “Central Molecular Zone” of about 200-pc radius, in which the molecular medium is characterized by large densities, large velocity dispersions, high temperatures, and apparently strong magnetic fields. The physical state of the gas and the resultant star formation processes occurring in this environment are therefore quite unlike those occurring in the large-scale disk. Gas not consumed by star formation either enters a hot X ray–emitting halo and is lost as a thermally driven galactic wind or continues moving inward, probably discontinuously, through the domain of the few parsec-sized circumnuclear disks and eventually into the central parsec. There, the central radio source SgrA*currently accepts only a tiny fraction of the inflowing material, likely as a result of a limit cycle wherein the continual inflow of matter provokes star formation, which in turn can temporarily halt the inflow via mass-outflow winds.
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“The CMZ is a disk-like region of dense ( ≳ 10 3 cm -3 ) gas within + 1 . 7 ◦ ≲ l ≲ -1 ◦ ( R ≃ 200 pc, assuming a Galactocentric radii of 8 . 5 kpc), | b | ≲ 0 . 5 ◦ ( H ≃ 75 pc), and | v rot | ≲ 150 km s -1 (Panel a of Fig 8; Sofue 1995; Morris & Serabyn 1996; Molinari et al. 2011; Henshaw et al. 2016, 2022; Sormani et al. 2022).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Morris & Serabyn 1996
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Minh, Y. C., Kim, S.-J., Pak, S., Lee, S., Irvine, W. M., & Nyman, L.-Å. (2005) · New Astronomy · doi:10.1016/j.newast.2005.03.001 · Cited by 14
A viscous heating mechanism for the hot plasma in the Galactic center region
Bélmont, R., & Tagger, M. (2006) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054356 · Cited by 14
Galactic dynamos with captured magnetic flux and an accretion flow
Moss, D. L., & Shukurov, A. (2001) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010492/pdf · Cited by 14
Sidoli, L., Mereghetti, S., Treves, A., Parmar, A. N., TUROLLA, R., & Favata, F. (2001) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010503/pdf · Cited by 14
Methanol Maser Emission from Galactic Center Sources with Excess 4.5 µm EmissionPreprint
Chambers, E. T., Yusef-Zadeh, F., & Roberts, D. A. (2016) · Cited by 14
ON THE EXCESS OF ULTRA-HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS IN THE DIRECTION OF CENTAURUS A
Liu, R.-Y., Wang, X., Wang, W., & Taylor, A. M. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/755/2/139 · Cited by 13
Namekata, D., & Habe, A. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/731/1/57 · Cited by 13
Towards a three-dimensional distribution of the molecular clouds in the Galactic Centre
YAN, Q.-Z., Walsh, A., Dawson, J. R., Macquart, J., Blackwell, R., Burton, M., Rowell, G. P., Zhang, B., Xu, Y., Tang, Z., et al. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1724 · Cited by 13
Discovery of a molecular cloud possibly associated with the youngest Galactic SNR G1.9+0.3
Enokiya, R., Sano, H., Filipović, M. D., Alsaberi, R. Z. E., Inoue, T., & Oka, T. (2023) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psad054 · Cited by 13
Positron annihilation in the nuclear outflows of the Milky Way
Panther, F. H., Crocker, R. M., Birnboim, Y., Seitenzahl, I. R., & Ruiter, A. J. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slx183 · Cited by 13
An energetic high-velocity compact cloud: CO−0.31+0.11
Takekawa, S., Oka, T., Tokuyama, S., Tanabe, K., Iwata, Y., Tsujimoto, S., Nomura, M., & Shibuya, Y. (2019) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psz027 · Cited by 13
Ionized gas at the edge of the central molecular zone
Langer, W. D., Goldsmith, P. F., Pineda, J. L., Velusamy, T., Requena─Torres, M. A., & Wiesemeyer, H. (2015) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425360/pdf · Cited by 13
Sagittarius B1: A Patchwork of H ii Regions and Photodissociation Regions
Simpson, J. P., Colgan, S. W. J., Cotera, A. S., Kaufman, M. J., & Stolovy, S. R. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abe636 · Cited by 13
Effects of Turbulence in the Circumnuclear Disk
Dinh, C. K., Salas, J. M., Morris, M., & Naoz, S. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac185b · Cited by 17
Self-citationALMA observations of molecular absorption in four directions toward the Galactic bulge
Liszt, H., & Gérin, M. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731983 · Cited by 13
Davidge, T. J. (1998) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/300365 · Cited by 13
Magnetic Fields in Astrophysics
Shore, S. N. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-12-227410-5/00392-6 · Cited by 13
NE2025: An Updated Electron Density Model for the Galactic Interstellar Medium
Ocker, S. K., & Cordes, J. M. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae5825 · Cited by 12
Schultheis, M., Sormani, M. C., & Gadotti, D. A. (2025) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-025-00163-6 · Cited by 20
Karlsson, R., Sandqvist, A., Fathi, K., & Martín, S. (2015) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424426 · Cited by 12
AzTEC survey of the central molecular zone: increasing spectral index of dust with density
Tang, Y., Wang, Q. D., & Wilson, G. W. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3230 · Cited by 12
Butterfield, N., Guerra, J. A., Chuss, D. T., Morris, M., Paré, D. M., Wollack, E. J., Costa, A. H., Hankins, M., Mackey, S., Staguhn, J. G., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad402c · Cited by 12
Self-citationConsequences of dark matter self-annihilation for galaxy formation
Natarajan, P., Croton, D., & Bertone, G. (2008) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13306.x · Cited by 14
DUSTY CRADLES IN A TURBULENT NURSERY: THE SGR A EAST H II REGION COMPLEX AT THE GALACTIC CENTER
Lau, R. M., Herter, T., Morris, M. R., & Adams, J. D. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/794/2/108 · Cited by 12
Self-citationHankins, M. J., Lau, R. M., Morris, M. R., & Herter, T. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa5f5b · Cited by 12
Self-citationIRTF/TEXES observations of the H ii regions H1 and H2 in the Galactic Centre
Dong, H., Lacy, J. H., Schödel, R., Nogueras-Lara, F., Gallego-Calvente, A. T., Mauerhan, J. C., Wang, Q. D., Cotera, A. S., & Gallego-Cano, E. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1266 · Cited by 11
Possibility of hypothetical stable micro black hole production at future 100 TeV collider
Sokolov, A. V., & Pshirkov, M. S. (2017) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-017-5464-7 · Cited by 12
Long-term stellar variability in the Galactic Centre region
Molina, C. N., Borissova, J., Catelan, M., Lucas, P. W., Medina, N., Peña, C. C., Kurtev, R., & Minniti, D. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty3041 · Cited by 12
2 mm GISMO Observations of the Galactic Center. I. Dust Emission*
Arendt, R. G., Staguhn, J., Dwek, E., Morris, M. R., Yusef-Zadeh, F., Benford, D. J., Kovács, A., & Gonzalez-Quiles, J. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab451c · Cited by 12
Self-citationGalactic Center Mini-Spiral by ALMA: Possible Origin of the Central Cluster
Tsuboi, M., Kitamura, Y., Miyoshi, M., Uehara, K., Tsutsumi, T., Miyazaki, A., 坪井, 昌., 北村, 良., 三好, 真., 上原, 顕., et al. (2016) · JAXA Repository (JAXA) · Cited by 12
Constraints on distances to Galactic Centre non-thermal filaments from HI absorption
Roy, S. (2003) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030460 · Cited by 12
Enokiya, R., Torii, K., Schultheis, M., Asahina, Y., Matsumoto, R., Furuhashi, E., Nakamura, K., Dobashi, K., Yoshiike, S., Sato, J., et al. (2014) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 12
Self-citationHerschelHIFI observations of the Sgr A +50 km s-1Cloud
Sandqvist, A., Larsson, B., Hjalmarson, Å., Encrenaz, P., Gérin, M., Goldsmith, P. F., Lis, D. C., Liseau, R., Pagani, L., Roueff, E., et al. (2015) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526280 · Cited by 12
Falstad, N., Gonzalez-Alfonso, E., Aalto, S., & Fischer, J. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1611.01071 · Cited by 12
On the Origin of the Central 1” Hole in the Stellar Disk of Sgr A* and the Fermi Gamma-Ray BubblesPreprint
Wardle, M., & Yusef-Zadeh, F. (2014) · Cited by 12
The JWST-NIRCam View of Sagittarius C. I. Massive Star Formation and Protostellar Outflows
Crowe, S., Fedriani, R., Tan, J. C., Kinman, A. V. I., Zhang, Y., Andersen, M., Ferres, L. B., Nogueras-Lara, F., Schöedel, R., Bally, J., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad8889 · Cited by 11
ALMA hints at the existence of an unseen reservoir of diffuse molecular gas in the Galactic bulge
Gérin, M., & Liszt, H. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730400 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Morris, M., & Serabyn, E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1996-09
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 645-701
- ISSN
- 0066-4146 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4282
- OpenAlex
- W2127604531
- Cited by
- 930
- References
- 344
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 1.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Galactic Center, interstellar medium, Central Molecular Zone, gas inflow, molecular gas, velocity dispersion, magnetic field, star formation, galactic winds, circumnuclear disk, Sgr A*, supermassive black holes
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