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THE GALACTIC CENTER ENVIRONMENT
Abstract
▪ Abstract The central half kiloparsec region of our Galaxy harbors a variety of phenomena unique to the central environment. This review discusses the observed structure and activity of the interstellar medium in this region in terms of its inevitable inflow toward the center of the Galactic gravitational potential well. A number of dissipative processes lead to a strong concentration of gas into a “Central Molecular Zone” of about 200-pc radius, in which the molecular medium is characterized by large densities, large velocity dispersions, high temperatures, and apparently strong magnetic fields. The physical state of the gas and the resultant star formation processes occurring in this environment are therefore quite unlike those occurring in the large-scale disk. Gas not consumed by star formation either enters a hot X ray–emitting halo and is lost as a thermally driven galactic wind or continues moving inward, probably discontinuously, through the domain of the few parsec-sized circumnuclear disks and eventually into the central parsec. There, the central radio source SgrA*currently accepts only a tiny fraction of the inflowing material, likely as a result of a limit cycle wherein the continual inflow of matter provokes star formation, which in turn can temporarily halt the inflow via mass-outflow winds.
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“The CMZ is a disk-like region of dense ( ≳ 10 3 cm -3 ) gas within + 1 . 7 ◦ ≲ l ≲ -1 ◦ ( R ≃ 200 pc, assuming a Galactocentric radii of 8 . 5 kpc), | b | ≲ 0 . 5 ◦ ( H ≃ 75 pc), and | v rot | ≲ 150 km s -1 (Panel a of Fig 8; Sofue 1995; Morris & Serabyn 1996; Molinari et al. 2011; Henshaw et al. 2016, 2022; Sormani et al. 2022).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Morris & Serabyn 1996
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An, D., Ramírez, S., Sellgren, K., Arendt, R. G., Boogert, A. C. A., Schultheis, M., Stolovy, S. R., Cotera, A. S., Robitaille, T., & Smith, H. A. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/702/2/l128 · Cited by 22
Bertram, E., Glover, S. C. O., Clark, P. C., Ragan, S. E., & Klessen, R. S. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2619 · Cited by 22
A CONSTRAINT ON THE ORGANIZATION OF THE GALACTIC CENTER MAGNETIC FIELD USING FARADAY ROTATION
Law, C. J., Brentjens, M. A., & Novak, G. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/731/1/36 · Cited by 22
Enokiya, R., Torii, K., Schultheis, M., Asahina, Y., Matsumoto, R., Furuhashi, E., Nakamura, K., Dobashi, K., Yoshiike, S., Sato, J., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/780/1/72 · Cited by 22
Self-citationProduction of neutrons, neutrinos and gamma-rays by a very fast pulsar in the Galactic Centre region
Bednarek, W. (2002) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05207.x · Cited by 22
The Turbulent Gas Structure in the Centers of NGC 253 and the Milky Way
Krieger, N., Bolatto, A. D., Koch, E. W., Leroy, A. K., Rosolowsky, E. W., Walter, F., Weiß, A., Eden, D. J., Levy, R. C., Meier, D. S., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aba903 · Cited by 21
Monte Carlo modelling of the propagation and annihilation of nucleosynthesis positrons in the Galaxy
Alexis, A., Jean, P., Martin, P., & Ferrière, K. (2014) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322393/pdf · Cited by 21
Nobel Lecture: A forty-year journey
Genzel, R. (2022) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.94.020501 · Cited by 23
Three-dimensional structure of the central molecular zone
Sofue, Y. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2243 · Cited by 21
The Mid‐Infrared Colors of the Interstellar Medium and Extended Sources at the Galactic Center
Arendt, R. G., Stolovy, S. R., Ramírez, S., Sellgren, K., Cotera, A. S., Law, C. J., Yusef-Zadeh, F., Smith, H. A., & Gezari, D. Y. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/589635 · Cited by 21
H I ABSORPTION TOWARD H II REGIONS AT SMALL GALACTIC LONGITUDES
Jones, C. J., Dickey, J. M., Dawson, J. R., McClure‐Griffiths, N. M., Anderson, L. D., & Bania, T. M. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/774/2/117 · Cited by 21
Ionized gas at the edge of the central molecular zone
Langer, W. D., Goldsmith, P. F., Pineda, J. L., Velusamy, T., Requena-Torres, M. A., & Wiesemeyer, H. (2015) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425360 · Cited by 21
A Hot Helium Plasma in the Galactic Center Region
Bélmont, R., Tagger, M., Muno, M. P., Morris, M., & Cowley, S. C. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/497139 · Cited by 21
Self-citationX-Ray Observation of a Magnetized Hot Gas Outflow in the Galactic Center Region
Nakashima, S., Koyama, K., Wang, Q. D., & Enokiya, R. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab0d82 · Cited by 21
Takahashi, K. T., Nozawa, S., Matsumoto, R., Machida, M., Fukui, Y., Kudo, N., Torii, K., Yamamoto, H., & Fujishita, M. (2009) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/61.5.957 · Cited by 21
Galactic Center Molecular Clouds
Güsten, R., & Philipp, S. D. (1997) · Springer proceedings in physics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18902-9_46 · Cited by 21
Fujishita, M., Torii, K., Kudo, N., Kawase, T., Yamamoto, H., Kawamura, A., Mizuno, N., Onishi, T., Mizuno, A., Machida, M., et al. (2009) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/61.5.1039 · Cited by 21
Yu, Y.-W., Cheng, K.-S., Chernyshov, D., & Dogiel, V. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17826.x · Cited by 16
ASGARD: A LARGE SURVEY FOR SLOW GALACTIC RADIO TRANSIENTS. I. OVERVIEW AND FIRST RESULTS
Williams, P. K. G., Bower, G. C., Croft, S., Keating, G. K., Law, C. J., & Wright, M. C. H. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/762/2/85 · Cited by 20
Hydrodynamic Simulations of the Central Molecular Zone with a Realistic Galactic Potential
Shin, J., Kim, S. S., Baba, J., Saitoh, T. R., Hwang, J.-S., Chun, K., & Hozumi, S. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7061 · Cited by 20
Constraining the halo size from possible density profiles of hydrogen gas of Milky Way Galaxy
Biswas, S., & Gupta, N. (2018) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2018/07/063 · Cited by 20
SiO Masers in the Galactic Bulge and Disk: Kinematics from the BAaDE Survey
Trapp, A. C., Rich, R. M., Morris, M., Sjouwerman, L. O., Pihlström, Y. M., Claussen, M. J., & Stroh, M. C. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aac382 · Cited by 18
Self-citationNew bow-shock source with bipolar morphology in the vicinity of Sgr A*
Peißker, F., Zajaček, M., Eckart, A., Sabha, N. B., Shahzamanian, B., & Parsa, M. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834947 · Cited by 21
Paré, D., Lang, C., Morris, M., Moore, H., & Mao, S. (2019) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 20
Self-citationZhang, S., Zhu, Z., Li, H., Pasham, D. R., Li, Z., Clavel, M., Baganoff, F. K., Perez, K., Mori, K., & Hailey, C. J. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab7dc1 · Cited by 20
A global view on star formation: The GLOSTAR Galactic plane survey
Nguyen, H., Rugel, M. R., Menten, K. M., Brunthaler, A., Dzib, S. A., Yang, A. Y., Kauffmann, J., Pillai, T., Nandakumar, G., Schultheis, M., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140802 · Cited by 20
Manifestations of the Galactic Center Magnetic Field
Morris, M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10614-4_32 · Cited by 18
Self-citationBekki, K. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/317871 · Cited by 20
LaRosa, T. N., Joseph, T., Lazio, W., & Kassim, N. E. (2001) · Cited by 20
Riquelme, D., Amo-Baladrón, M. A., Martín-Pintado, J., Mauersberger, R., Martín, S., & Bronfman, L. (2012) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118288 · Cited by 19
Discovery of Two Small High-velocity Compact Clouds in the Central 10 pc of Our Galaxy
Takekawa, S., Oka, T., Iwata, Y., Tokuyama, S., & Nomura, M. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa79ee · Cited by 19
Garay-Solis, Y., Barrera-Ballesteros, J. K., Colombo, D., Sánchez, S. F., Lugo-Aranda, A. Z., Villanueva, V., Wong, T., & Bolatto, A. D. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acd781 · Cited by 19
XMM–Newton observations of the Galactic Centre Region – II. The soft-thermal emission
Heard, V., & Warwick, R. S. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1102 · Cited by 19
Background Infrared Sources for Studying the Galactic Center’s Interstellar Gas
Geballe, T. R., Lambrides, E., Schlegelmilch, B., Yeh, S., Goto, M., Westrick, C., Oka, T., & Najarro, F. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aafedc · Cited by 19
Interstellar glycolamide: A comprehensive rotational study and an astronomical search in Sgr B2(N)
Sanz-Novo, M., Belloche, A., Alonso, J., Kolesniková, L., Garrod, R., Mata, S., Müller, H., Menten, K., & Gong, Y. (2020) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038149 · Cited by 11
Photometric evidence of an intermediate-age stellar population in the inner bulge of M31
Dong, H., Li, Z., Wang, Q. D., Lauer, T. R., Olsen, K. A. G., Saha, A., Dalcanton, J. J., & Williams, B. F. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1256 · Cited by 19
Modeling the Galactic Center Nonthermal Filaments as Magnetized Wakes
Dahlburg, R. B., Einaudi, G., LaRosa, T. N., & Shore, S. N. (2002) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/338842 · Cited by 19
Davidge, T. J., & Courteau, S. (1999) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/300887 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Morris, M., & Serabyn, E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1996-09
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 645-701
- ISSN
- 0066-4146 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4282
- OpenAlex
- W2127604531
- Cited by
- 930
- References
- 344
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 1.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Galactic Center, interstellar medium, Central Molecular Zone, gas inflow, molecular gas, velocity dispersion, magnetic field, star formation, galactic winds, circumnuclear disk, Sgr A*, supermassive black holes
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