FORMATION AND FUNCTION OF SPEMANN'S ORGANIZER

Harland, Richard; Gerhart, John

doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.611

Cited by 839Developmental Biology and Gene RegulationWnt/β-catenin signaling in development and cancerPlanarian Biology and Electrostimulation

FORMATION AND FUNCTION OF SPEMANN'S ORGANIZER

Harland, Richard, Gerhart, John·1997·Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.611

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Abstract

▪ Abstract The organizer is formed in an equatorial sector of the blastula stage amphibian embryo by cells that have responded to two maternal agents: a general meso-endoderm inducer (involving the TFG-β signaling pathway) and a dorsal modifier (probably involving the Wnt signaling pathway). The meso-endoderm inducer is secreted by most vegetal cells, those containing maternal materials that had been localized in the vegetal hemisphere of the oocyte during oogenesis. As a consequence of the inducer's distribution and action, the competence domains of prospective ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are established in an animal-to-vegetal order in the blastula. The dorsal modifier signal is secreted by a sector of cells of the animal and vegetal hemispheres on one side of the blastula. These cells contain maternal materials transported there in the first cell cycle from the vegetal pole of the egg along microtubules aligned by cortical rotation. The Nieuwkoop center is the region of blastula cells secreting both maternal signals, and hence specifying the organizer in an equatorial sector. Final steps of organizer formation at the late blastula or early gastrula stage may involve locally secreted zygotic signals as well. At the gastrula stage, the organizer secretes a variety of zygotic proteins that act as antagonists to various members of the BMP and Wnt families of ligands, which are secreted by cells of the competence domains surrounding the organizer. BMPs and Wnts favor ventral development, and cells near the organizer are protected from these agents by the organizer's inducers. The nearby cells are derepressed in their inherent capacity for dorsal development, which is apparent in the neural induction of the ectoderm, dorsalization of the mesoderm, and anteriorization of the endoderm. The organizer also engages in extensive specialized morphogenesis, which brings it within range of responsive cell groups. It also self-differentiates to a variety of axial tissues of the body.

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The canonical Wnt signaling plays a pivotal role in cell fate decisions during early embryogenesis, and the Xenopus system is perhaps the best model organism where this was elegantly worked out.
“The canonical Wnt signaling plays a pivotal role in cell fate decisions during early embryogenesis, and perhaps the best model organism where this was elegantly worked out is the Xenopus system.49”
From Wnt signal transduction pathways (2008) · cites this paper as [49]
These target genes include those required for organizer formation during embryogenesis such as Siamois and Twin and genes involved in oncogenesis such as Myc and CyclinD1 during cancer formation.
“These target genes include those required for organizer formation during embryogenesis such as Siamois and Twin and genes involved in oncogenesis such as Myc and CyclinD1 during cancer formation.48,49”
From Wnt signal transduction pathways (2008) · cites this paper as [49]

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Authors: Harland, R., & Gerhart, J.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
ORCID: Harland, Richard
Venue: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 1997-11
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 611-667
ISSN: 1081-0706 (ISSN-L)
1530-8995
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.611
OpenAlex: W2115686163
Cited by: 839
References: 249
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 4.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM 19363, GM 42341, R01GM042341, R01GM049346, GM 49346)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Wnt/β-catenin signaling in development and cancer
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Planarian Biology and Electrostimulation
Keywords: Spemann organizer, amphibian embryos, TGF-beta signaling, Wnt signaling, maternal factors, competence domains, dorsalization, BMP antagonists, neural induction, dorsal mesoderm, gastrulation, blastula
MeSH terms: Amphibians, Animals, Blastocyst, Cell Differentiation, Endoderm, Gastrula, Mesoderm, Signal Transduction

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