The Mesoderm Specification Factor Twist in the Life Cycle of Jellyfish
Open accessAbstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor Twist is highly conserved from Drosophila to vertebrates and plays a major role in mesoderm specification of triploblasts. The presence of a Twist homologue in diploblasts such as the cnidarian Podocoryne carnea raises questions on the evolution of mesoderm, the third cell layer characteristic for triploblasts. Podocoryne Twist is expressed in the early embryo until the myoepithelial cells of the larva differentiate and then again during medusa development. There, the gene is detected first when the myoepithelial cells of the polyp dedifferentiate to form the medusa bud and later Twist is found transiently in the entocodon, a mesoderm-like cell layer which differentiates into the smooth muscle and striated muscle of the bell. On the other hand, in later bud stages and the medusa, expression is seen where non-muscle tissues differentiate. Experimental analysis of in vitro transdifferentiation and regeneration demonstrates that Twist activity is not needed when isolated striated muscle regenerate medusa organs. Developmental roles of Twist are discussed with respect to early animal evolution from a common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians.
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Cnidarian homologs of bilaterian mesoderm and myogenic regulators are expressed in larval and polyp stages and in the entocodon and its derived striated muscle.
“According to recent molecular studies cnidarian homologs to bilaterian mesoderm and myogenic regulators are expressed in the larval and polyp stages as well as in the entocodon and derived striated muscle.”
From Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty (2005) · cites this paper as Spring et al., 2000
Twist, Brachyury, Mef2, and Snail are expressed in the entocodon and during differentiation of striated and smooth muscle of the medusa bell.
“The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factor Twist (Spring et al., 2000) and the T-box, MADS-box, and zinc finger genes Brachyury, Mef2, and Snail (Spring et al., 2002) are expressed in the entocodon and during differentiation of striated and smooth muscle of the medusa bell.”
From Evolutionary aspects of developmentally regulated helix-loop-helix transcription factors in striated muscle of jellyfish (2003) · cites this paper as Spring et al., 2000
Podocoryne cognates of bilaterian genes specific for mesoderm formation and myogenesis are highly conserved and show comparable expression patterns.
“Recently it has been demonstrated that the Podocoryne cognates of bilaterian genes specific for mesoderm formation and myogenesis are highly conserved and show comparable expression patterns.”
From Evolutionary aspects of developmentally regulated helix-loop-helix transcription factors in striated muscle of jellyfish (2003) · cites this paper as Spring et al., 2000
These observations support the hypothesis that the striated muscle of jellyfish is related to the striated muscle of bilaterians.
“These observations support the hypothesis (Boero et al., 1998;Spring et al., 2000Spring et al., , 2002) ) that the striated muscle of jellyfish is related to the striated muscle of bilaterians.”
From Evolutionary aspects of developmentally regulated helix-loop-helix transcription factors in striated muscle of jellyfish (2003) · cites this paper as Spring et al., 2000
Ash and Net-like are maternal messages, as was already observed for Hox/ParaHox genes, Twist, Brachyury, Mef2, and Snail.
“As was already observed for the Hox/ParaHox genes (Yanze et al., 2001), Twist (Spring et al., 2000), Brachyury, Mef2, and Snail (Spring et al., 2002) Ash and Net-like are maternal messages.”
From Evolutionary aspects of developmentally regulated helix-loop-helix transcription factors in striated muscle of jellyfish (2003) · cites this paper as Spring et al., 2000
From stage 9 onward and in the adult medusa, no DNA replication occurs in bell-forming tissues, but proliferation continues in the manubrium and tentacle bulbs.
“From stage 9 on and in the adult medusa no DNA replication occurs in the tissues which form the bell; however, cell proliferation is observed in the manubrium and in the tentacle bulbs (Schmid, 1972;Spring et al., 2000).”
From Evolutionary aspects of developmentally regulated helix-loop-helix transcription factors in striated muscle of jellyfish (2003) · cites this paper as Spring et al., 2000
The unique Id expression pattern in medusa formation and the sequence and expression data for bHLH and other mesodermal genes support the idea that a free-living, planktonic ancestor originated the striated muscle lineage, not a sessile polyp that never forms this cell type.
“However, the unique expression pattern of Id in medusa formation and the sequence and expression data of the bHLH and other mesodermal genes (Spring et al., 2000(Spring et al., , 2002) ) rather support the idea that a free-living, planktonic ancestor invented the striated muscle lineage and not a sessile polyp which, at least in all extant species, never differentiates this cell type.”
From Evolutionary aspects of developmentally regulated helix-loop-helix transcription factors in striated muscle of jellyfish (2003) · cites this paper as Spring et al., 2000
These and published data show a bilaterian-like cascade of developmentally regulated myogenic control genes in jellyfish, emphasizing the evolutionary importance of the entocodon as an ancestral, mesoderm-like structure.
“However, these and published data demonstrate the presence of a bilaterian-like cascade of developmentally regulated myogenic control genes in jellyfish (Spring et al., 2000(Spring et al., , 2002)), which stress the evolutionary importance of the entocodon as an ancestral, mesoderm-like structure.”
From Evolutionary aspects of developmentally regulated helix-loop-helix transcription factors in striated muscle of jellyfish (2003) · cites this paper as Spring et al., 2000
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- Authors
- Spring, J., Yanze, N., Middel, A. M., Stierwald, M., Gröger, H., & Schmid, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Basel (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Schmid, Volker
- ORCID
- Schmid, Volker
- Venue
- Developmental Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 228
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 363-375
- ISSN
- 0012-1606 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2066315953
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 9.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Developmental Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Planarian Biology and Electrostimulation
- Keywords
- Twist, bHLH transcription factors, mesoderm specification, jellyfish, Podocoryne carnea, cnidarian evolution, medusa development, myoepithelial cells, transdifferentiation, regeneration
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Base Sequence, Cloning, Molecular, Drosophila, Biological Evolution, Larva, Life Cycle Stages, Mesoderm, Morphogenesis, Nuclear Proteins, Transcription Factors, Vertebrates, Sequence Alignment, Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Drosophila Proteins, Scyphozoa, Twist-Related Protein 1
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