Conservation of Brachyury, Mef2, and Snail in the Myogenic Lineage of Jellyfish: A Connection to the Mesoderm of Bilateria
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One major difference between simple metazoans such as cnidarians and all the bilaterian animals is thought to involve the invention of mesoderm. The terms diploblasts and triploblasts are therefore, often used to group prebilaterian and bilaterian animals, respectively. However, jellyfish contain well developed striated and smooth muscle tissues that derive from the entocodon, a mesoderm-like tissue formed during medusa development. We investigated the hypothesis, that the entocodon could be homologous to the third germ layer of bilaterians by analyzing the structures and expression patterns of the homologues of Brachyury, Mef2, and Snail in the jellyfish Podocoryne carnea. These are regulatory genes from the T-box, MADS-box and zinc finger families known to play important roles in bilaterian mesoderm patterning and muscle differentiation. The sequence and expression data demonstrate that the genes are structurally and functionally conserved and even more similar to humans or other deuterostomes than to protostome model organisms such as Drosophila or Caenorhabditis elegans. Based on these data we conclude that the common ancestor of the cnidarians and bilaterians not only shared genes that play a role in regulating myogenesis but already used them to develop and differentiate muscle systems similar to those of triploblasts.
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Twist, Brachyury, Mef2, and Snail are expressed in the entocodon and during differentiation of striated and smooth muscle of the medusa bell.
“The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factor Twist (Spring et al., 2000) and the T-box, MADS-box, and zinc finger genes Brachyury, Mef2, and Snail (Spring et al., 2002) are expressed in the entocodon and during differentiation of striated and smooth muscle of the medusa bell.”
From Evolutionary aspects of developmentally regulated helix-loop-helix transcription factors in striated muscle of jellyfish (2003) · cites this paper as Spring et al., 2002
These observations support the hypothesis that the striated muscle of jellyfish is related to the striated muscle of bilaterians.
“These observations support the hypothesis (Boero et al., 1998;Spring et al., 2000Spring et al., , 2002) ) that the striated muscle of jellyfish is related to the striated muscle of bilaterians.”
From Evolutionary aspects of developmentally regulated helix-loop-helix transcription factors in striated muscle of jellyfish (2003) · cites this paper as Spring et al., 2002
Ash and Net-like are maternal messages, as was already observed for Hox/ParaHox genes, Twist, Brachyury, Mef2, and Snail.
“As was already observed for the Hox/ParaHox genes (Yanze et al., 2001), Twist (Spring et al., 2000), Brachyury, Mef2, and Snail (Spring et al., 2002) Ash and Net-like are maternal messages.”
From Evolutionary aspects of developmentally regulated helix-loop-helix transcription factors in striated muscle of jellyfish (2003) · cites this paper as Spring et al., 2002
The Net-like expression pattern resembles that of the MADS-box gene Mef2.
“Furthermore, the expression pattern is similar to that of the MADS-box gene Mef2 (Spring et al., 2002).”
From Evolutionary aspects of developmentally regulated helix-loop-helix transcription factors in striated muscle of jellyfish (2003) · cites this paper as Spring et al., 2002
These myogenic regulatory genes have been shown to be structurally and developmentally conserved in Podocoryne.
“All these myogenic regulatory genes were shown to be structurally and developmentally conserved in Podocoryne (Spring et al., 2001(Spring et al., , 2002)).”
From Evolutionary aspects of developmentally regulated helix-loop-helix transcription factors in striated muscle of jellyfish (2003) · cites this paper as Spring et al., 2002
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Spring, J., Yanze, N., Jösch, C., Middel, A. M., Winninger, B., & Schmid, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Basel (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Schmid, Volker
- ORCID
- Schmid, Volker
- Venue
- Developmental Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-04
- Volume
- 244
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 372-384
- ISSN
- 0012-1606 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2053263044
- Cited by
- 152
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 14.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Developmental Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Planarian Biology and Electrostimulation
- Keywords
- Brachyury, MEF2, snails, Podocoryne carnea, jellyfish, myogenesis, T-box genes, MADS-box genes, zinc finger transcription factor, genetic conservation, medusa development
- MeSH terms
- Snail Family Transcription Factors, Brachyury Protein, Animals, Cell Differentiation, Cell Division, Cloning, Molecular, DNA-Binding Proteins, Fetal Proteins, Humans, Mesoderm, Morphogenesis, Organ Specificity, Phylogeny, Transcription Factors, In Situ Hybridization, Myogenic Regulatory Factors, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, T-Box Domain Proteins, Scyphozoa, MEF2 Transcription Factors
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