Functional high-intensity training improves pancreatic β-cell function in adults with type 2 diabetes
Open accessAbstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by reductions in β-cell function and insulin secretion on the background of elevated insulin resistance. Aerobic exercise has been shown to improve β-cell function, despite a subset of T2D patients displaying “exercise resistance.” Further investigations into the effectiveness of alternate forms of exercise on β-cell function in the T2D patient population are needed. We examined the effect of a novel, 6-wk CrossFit functional high-intensity training (F-HIT) intervention on β-cell function in 12 sedentary adults with clinically diagnosed T2D (54 ± 2 yr, 166 ± 16 mg/dl fasting glucose). Supervised training was completed 3 days/wk, comprising functional movements performed at a high intensity in a variety of 10- to 20-min sessions. All subjects completed an oral glucose tolerance test and anthropometric measures at baseline and following the intervention. The mean disposition index, a validated measure of β-cell function, was significantly increased (PRE: 8.4 ± 3.1, POST: 11.5 ± 3.5, P = 0.02) after the intervention. Insulin processing inefficiency in the β-cell, expressed as the fasting proinsulin-to-insulin ratio, was also reduced (PRE: 2.40 ± 0.37, POST: 1.78 ± 0.30, P = 0.04). Increased β-cell function during the early-phase response to glucose correlated significantly with reductions in abdominal body fat ( R 2= 0.56, P = 0.005) and fasting plasma alkaline phosphatase ( R 2= 0.55, P = 0.006). Mean total body-fat percentage decreased significantly (Δ: −1.17 0.30%, P = 0.003), whereas lean body mass was preserved (Δ: +0.05 ± 0.68 kg, P = 0.94). We conclude that F-HIT is an effective exercise strategy for improving β-cell function in adults with T2D.
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High-intensity interval training reduced total body-fat percentage and protected lean body mass.
“The total body-fat percentage was reduced, whereas lean body mass was protected.”
From Diabetes and Sarcopenic Obesity: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatments (2020) · cites this paper as [174]
High-intensity interval training is strongly associated with improvement of β-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes.
“Another study also has confirmed that high-intensity interval training is strongly associated with the improvement of β-cell function in patients with T2D.”
From Diabetes and Sarcopenic Obesity: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatments (2020) · cites this paper as [174]
High-intensity interval training was not able to regulate fasting plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, proinsulin, and free fatty acids, nor first-phase and late-phase plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and proinsulin.
“Noteworthy, high-intensity interval training was not able to regulate the levels of fasting plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, pro- insulin, and free fatty acids, nor did the levels of first-phase (0–30 min) and late-phase (30–180 min) plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and proinsulin (174).”
From Diabetes and Sarcopenic Obesity: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatments (2020) · cites this paper as [174]
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“Nieuwoudt et al. found that pancreatic β-cell function was significantly enhanced and insulin secretion improved after functional high-intensity exercise training in adults with T2DM [55].”
BackgroundSaeidi, A., Saei, M. A., Mohammadi, B., Zarei, H. R. A., Vafaei, M., Mohammadi, A. S., Barati, M., Montazer, M., Razi, O., Kiyumi, M. H. A., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1141796 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Nieuwoudt, S., Fealy, C. E., Foucher, J. A., Scelsi, A. R., Malin, S. K., Pagadala, M., Rocco, M., Burguera, B., & Kirwan, J. P.
- Affiliations
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kirwan, John P.
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2017-09-01
- Volume
- 313
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- E314-E320
- ISSN
- 0193-1849 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1555
- PMC
- PMC5625086
- OpenAlex
- W2616792756
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 5.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- CrossFit, Inc.
- Cleveland Clinic (RPC 2013-1010)
- National Institutes of Health (UL1RR024989)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, beta-cell function, CrossFit, exercise intervention, disposition index, proinsulin/insulin ratio, first-phase insulin secretion, alkaline phosphatase, lean body mass, sedentary adults
- MeSH terms
- Insulin Secretion, Adipose Tissue, Alkaline Phosphatase, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Exercise Therapy, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Male, Middle Aged, Proinsulin, Abdominal Fat, Insulin-Secreting Cells
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