Supplementation with Spinach-Derived Thylakoid Augments the Benefits of High Intensity Training on Adipokines, Insulin Resistance and Lipid Profiles in Males with Obesity
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Introduction This study investigated the effects of 12 weeks of high-intensity functional training (HIFT) combined with spinach-derived thylakoid supplementation on some selected Adipokines and insulin resistance in males with obesity. Method Sixty-eight participants (mean age: 27.6 ± 8.4 yrs.; mean height: 168.4 ± 2.6 cm; mean weight: 95.7 ± 3.8 kg, mean BMI: 32.6 ± 2.6 kg/m2) were randomly divided into four groups of 17 per group: Control group (CG), Supplement group (SG), Training group (TG), and Training + supplement group (TSG). Following baseline measurements, the two training groups (TG and TSG) started the 12 weeks of exercise training program (3 sessions per week). A total of 36 sessions lasting up to 60 min were included in the HIFT program using the CrossFit program. The eligible participants received 5 g/day of thylakoid-rich spinach extract or matching placebo as 5 g/day of raw corn starch (one sachet, 30 min before lunch) for 12 weeks. Baseline assessments were obtained 48 hours before the start of the training protocols and 48 hours after the last training session in all groups. Results There were significant interactions (p<0.001 for all) between exercise and time for adiponectin (ES:0.48), leptin (ES:0.46), resistin (ES:0.3), omentin (ES:0.65), vaspin (ES:0.46), visfatin (ES:0.62), apelin (ES:0.42), RBP4 (ES:0.63), chemrin (0.36) and semaphorin3c (ES: 0.5). Plasma levels of semaphorin3c were significantly correlated (p<0.05) with body weight (r= 0.57), BMI (r= 0.43), FFM (r= -0.612), FAT (r= 0.768), VO2peak (r=-0.53), insulin (r= 0.756), glucose (r= 0.623), and HOMA-IR (r= 0.727). There were also significant group differences in insulin (ES: 0.77), glucose (ES: 0.21), and HOM-IR (ES: 0.44) (p<0.05). Discussion Our findings indicate that 12 weeks of HIFT supplemented with spinach-derived thylakoid reduced levels of leptin, resistin, vaspin, visfatin, apelin, RBP4, chemrin, semaphorin3c and insulin resistance while increasing adiponectin and omentin levels in men with obesity.
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A potential therapeutic application of spinach-derived thylakoid supplementation might be obesity management.
“Also, a potential therapeutic application of spinach-derived thylakoid supplementation might be obesity management [174].”
From Ecdysterone and Turkesterone—Compounds with Prominent Potential in Sport and Healthy Nutrition (2024) · cites this paper as [174]
Consumption of spinach is not associated with adverse effects.
“Furthermore, the consumption of spinach is not associated with adverse effects [162,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178].”
From Ecdysterone and Turkesterone—Compounds with Prominent Potential in Sport and Healthy Nutrition (2024) · cites this paper as [174]
The Materials and methods describe consumption of spinach-derived thylakoid supplements, not spinach generally. The Experimental design notes withdrawals for medical and other reasons but does not link them to the supplement; no passage found in the safety, side-effect, or adverse-event searches establishes that spinach consumption has no adverse effects. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Saeidi, A., Saei, M. A., Mohammadi, B., Zarei, H. R. A., Vafaei, M., Mohammadi, A. S., Barati, M., Montazer, M., Razi, O., Kiyumi, M. H. A., Laher, I., Gholami, M., Weiss, K., Knechtle, B., & Zouhal, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Kurdistan (IR)
- Tarbiat Modares University (IR)
- Islamic Azad University, Tehran (IR)
- Razi University (IR)
- Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (OM)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Laboratoire Mouvement Sport Santé (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Gholami, Mandana
- Knechtle, Beat
- Zouhal, Hassane
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-07-28
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- 1141796-1141796
- ISSN
- 1664-2392 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10422041
- OpenAlex
- W4385334967
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8
- FWCI
- 6.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- high-intensity functional training, obesity, adipokines, insulin resistance, lipid profile, adiponectin, leptin, resistin, omentin, vaspin, visfatin, apelin, retinol-binding protein 4, chemerin, CrossFit, exercise supplementation, body composition, HOMA-IR
- MeSH terms
- High-Intensity Interval Training, Apelin, Adult, Glucose, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Lipids, Male, Obesity, Spinacia oleracea, Dietary Supplements, Thylakoids, Leptin, Adiponectin, Resistin, Adipokines, Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase, Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma, Young Adult
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