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Interleukin 1 alters rat sleep: temporal and dose-related effects
Abstract
Rats received various doses of interleukin 1 (IL-1) (range, 0.5-25.0 ng) or pyrogen-free saline intracerebroventricularly during the rest (light) and the active (dark) cycles of the day, and sleep-wake activity and brain temperature were determined for 6 h. Low doses of IL-1 (0.5 ng at night, 2.5 ng during the day) increased both the duration of non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) and electroencephalogram (EEG) slow-wave activity during NREMS episodes. Increasing doses of IL-1 had divergent effects on NREMS duration and EEG slow-wave activity, and the direction of the changes depended on the diurnal cycle. Thus NREMS duration was promoted at night and EEG slow-wave amplitudes during the day, whereas NREMS duration during the day and EEG slow-wave amplitudes at night were suppressed after higher doses of IL-1. High doses of IL-1 also induced decreases in rapid-eye-movement sleep during both phases of the day. Each dose of IL-1 that promoted NREMS also tended to increase brain temperature. These results demonstrate that IL-1 promotes NREMS in the rat. However, unlike previously reported findings in rabbits, the circadian rhythm of sleep regulation strongly interferes with the sleep-promoting activity of IL-1 in rats.
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“These findings established both cytokines, IL-1 and TNF, as substances involved in the homeostatic regulation of sleep (for review, see Refs. 299, 411).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [411]
In the citing paper
“increasing the availability of those cytokines promoted NREM sleep amount and intensity and suppressed REM sleep amount.”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [411]
In the citing paper
“blocking the biological actions of the cytokines IL-1 and TNF resulted in a reduction of physiological NREM sleep amount or NREM sleep rebound after sleep deprivation.”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [411]
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Cafeteria diet-induced sleep is blocked by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in rats
Hansen, M. K., Kapás, L., Fang, J., & Krueger, J. M. (1998) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.1.r168 · Cited by 54
“In rats, during the day low doses of IL-1b increase EEG SWA and NREMS, whereas during the night the same dose of IL-1b decreases EEG SWAbut still increases NREMS (26).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRole of corticotropin-releasing hormone in stressor-induced alterations of sleep in rat
Chang, F., & Opp, M. R. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00758.2001 · Cited by 53
“In addition, we (28, 29, 36) have previously shown that the impact of immune challenge on sleep-wake behavior depends on the time of day at which the challenge occurs.”
BackgroundSelf-citationOlivadoti, M. D., & Opp, M. R. (2008) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.02.008 · Cited by 53
Self-citationBeranek, L., Hajdu, I., Gardi, J., Taishi, P., Obál, F., & Krueger, J. M. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.5.r1297 · Cited by 52
“The magnitude of the increments in delta power during NREMS after Oct is comparable to the SWA response to sleeppromoting doses of interleukin-1 during the light cycle in the rat (33) or to the increases in delta power elicited by preoptic heating in the cat (25).”
MethodSelf-citationBaker, F. C., Shah, S., Stewart, D., Angara, C., Gong, H., Szymusiak, R. S., Opp, M. R., & McGinty, D. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00615.2004 · Cited by 51
“When administered into rats at dark onset, effective doses of IL-1 induce biphasic effects on NREM sleep; there is an initial increase in NREM sleep during the first hour, and a more prominent increase 4–5 h postinjection (26, 29).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationInfluence of host defense activation on sleep in humans
Pollmächer, T., Mullington, J. M., Korth, C., & Hinze‐Selch, D. (1995) · Advances in Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/0960-5428(95)00006-n · Cited by 48
Sleep and Psychoneuroimmunology
Opp, M. R. (2009) · Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.iac.2009.02.009 · Cited by 47
Self-citationImeri, L., Mancia, M., & Opp, M. R. (1999) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00006-8 · Cited by 47
Self-citationCentral nervous system and peripheral immune functions and the sleep-wake system.
Moldofsky, H. (1994) · PubMed Central · Cited by 47
Food Restriction Alters the Diurnal Distribution of Sleep in Rats
Roky, R., Kapás, L., Taishi, P., Fang, J., & Krueger, J. M. (1999) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(99)00137-7 · Cited by 45
“Thus, the effects of interelukin-1 on these parameters are independent, and differentially depend on the time of day interleukin-1 is given; for example, high doses of interleukin-1 given intracerebroventricularly to rats inhibit NREMS yet enhance EEG SWA (low doses enhance both) (33).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe effect of restraint stress on paradoxical sleep is influenced by the circadian cycle
Koehl, M., Bouyer, J. J., Darnaudéry, M., Moal, M. L., & Mayo, W. (2002) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02463-0 · Cited by 45
Modulation of Neural Networks by Interleukin-1
Nemeth, D. P., & Quan, N. (2020) · Brain Plasticity · doi:10.3233/bpl-200109 · Cited by 46
“For example, IL-1 levels were found to vacillate with circadian rhythm [15] and influence normal sleep [16, 17].”
BackgroundBabiloni, A. H., Baril, A., Charlebois‐Plante, C., Jodoin, M., Sanchez, E., Baets, L. D., Arbour, C., Lavigne, G. J., Gosselin, N., & Beaumont, L. D. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12051793 · Cited by 47
“However, some of these effects seem to be level dependent, where an inverse relation can be observed at higher levels, with high pro-inflammatory cytokines levels being associated with disrupted and fragmented sleep [75].”
BackgroundSleep inflammation and cardiovascular disease
Meier-Ewert, H. K. (2012) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite · doi:10.2741/e560 · Cited by 43
Metadata
- Authors
- Opp, M. R., Obal, F., & Krueger, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center (US)
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Tennessee,Memphis 38163.
- ORCID
- Opp, M. R.
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1991-01-01
- Volume
- 260
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- R52-R58
- ISSN
- 0363-6119 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1490
- OpenAlex
- W2286922506
- Cited by
- 232
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 4.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-27250, NS-25378, R01NS027250, R01NS025378)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Keywords
- interleukin-1, sleep regulation, NREM sleep, REM sleep, EEG slow-wave activity, circadian rhythm, dose-dependent effects, brain temperature, intracerebroventricular administration, rats
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Circadian Rhythm, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Electroencephalography, Interleukin-1, Light, Male, Rats, Inbred Strains, Sleep, REM, Temperature, Rats
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