The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Validation of tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance method to assess human body composition
Abstract
This study was conducted to validate the relationship between bioelectrical conductance (ht2/R) and densitometrically determined fat-free mass, and to compare the prediction errors of body fatness derived from the tetrapolar impedance method and skinfold thicknesses, relative to hydrodensitometry. One-hundred and fourteen male and female subjects, aged 18–50 yr, with a wide range of fat-free mass (34–96 kg) and percent body fat (4–41%), participated. For males, densitometrically determined fat-free mass was correlated highly (r = 0.979), with fat-free mass predicted from tetrapolar conductance measures using an equation developed for males in a previous study. For females, the correlation between measured fat-free mass and values predicted from the combined (previous and present male data) equation for men also was strong (r = 0.954). The regression coefficients in the male and female regression equations were not significantly different. Relative to hydrodensitometry, the impedance method had a lower predictive error or standard error of the estimates of estimating body fatness than did a standard anthropometric technique (2.7 vs. 3.9%). Therefore this study establishes the validity and reliability of the tetrapolar impedance method for use in assessment of body composition in healthy humans.
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In the citing paper
“The BIA equation developed in this study (R2 = 0.97; SRMSE= 1.99) was similar to or better than those obtained with other equations designed with comparable sample sizes, such as that of Lukasky (84 males; 67 females) [27] based on hydrodensitometry (R2 = 0.96; SEE = 3.06), or of Baumgartner (35 males; 63 females)[28] based on a four compartment model (R2 = 0.91; SEE = 2.47).”
In the citing paper
“The body composition variables selected in the final model of this study have been reported as the best predictors in BIA equations designed to estimate FFM [25-27].”
In the citing paper
“The explanation for this could be that limb length and body weight are positively related to resistance, which is the main predictor of FFM estimated with BIA [27].”
In the citing paper
“There is limited information available regarding EQ3 development sample.The subjects ranged in age from 19 to 50 years, and the mean FFM was 60.2 kg, which was notably higher than our sample (Lukaski et al., 1986).”
From External validation of bioelectrical impedance analysis equations for body composition against dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in Mexican recreational runners (2025) · cites this paper as Lukaski et al., 1986
In the citing paper
“The Lukaski (22) and Kushner (21) equations provided estimates that were unaffected by the participants' body weight, but only the Lukaski equation ( 22) provided unbiased estimates.”
From Comparison of Body Composition Methods in Obese African‐American Women (2006) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA) is used in population and clinical studies as a technique for estimating body composition.”
From Prediction of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis in young adults from five populations of African origin (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has been used as a less expensive alternative for estimating body composition in both adults and children (3).”
From Prediction of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis in young adults from five populations of African origin (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“The BIA 101 Akern is a valid and reliable alternative to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for the assessment of body composition and has been used in various other studies [7,52–54].”
From How reliable is the labeling of a commercial phytosteroid product? A 12-week randomized double-blind training study (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
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“Bioelectrical impedance to estimate the subject’s body composition was performed through tetrapolar impedance plethysmography (Soft Tissue Analyzer, Akern Bioresearch, Florence, Italy) according to Lukaski et al.(14) Briefly, at 0700 h, each woman lay supine on a bed made of nonconductive materials.”
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“The electrical current passed through the body provides a measure of impedance or resistance which was converted to total body water (TBW) and in turn fat free mass (FFM); % fat was derived (Lukaski et al., 1986).”
BackgroundMinetto, M. A., Caresio, C., D’Angelo, V., Lanfranco, F., Ghizzoni, L., Roatta, S., Arvat, E., & Kesari, S. (2018) · Endocrine Research · doi:10.1080/07435800.2018.1461904 · Cited by 7
“BIA was performed in the morning after an overnight fast and in supine position with arms and legs abducted from the body, according to a standard technique.(11) Source and sensor electrodes were placed on the dorsum of both hand and foot of the right side of the body.”
MethodVisceral adiposity and subclinical atherosclerosis in healthy young men
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“Reactance (X) of body tissue; these parameters, together with body weight and height, were used to calculate each participants Fat Free body Mass (FFM) according to Kotler’s equation (Lukaski et al., 1986).”
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Assessing malnutrition in gastric carcinoma: bioelectrical impedance or clinical impression?
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“Bioelectrical impedance analyses (RJL Systems, Detroit, USA) were performed in duplicate after voiding, at the right side of the body as described by Lukaski et al. (1986) and Deurenberg et al. (1988).”
Maddison, R., Mhurchú, C. N., Foley, L. S., Epstein, L. H., Jiang, Y., Tsai, M., Dewes, O., & Heke, I. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-524 · Cited by 8
“Bioelectrical impedance (BIA) is used to estimate children’s percentage body fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass [36] using the ImpediMed DF50 Bioimpedence Monitor Table 1 Screen-time Weight-loss Intervention Targeting Children at Home (SWITCH) trial intervention components (Continued)”
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How Reproducible is Daily Creatinine Recovery in Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis?
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The Use of Segmental Bioelectric Impedance in Estimating Body Composition
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["In vivo" body composition assessment; part I: a historic overview].
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Bioimpedance Assessment of Antipyrine Pharmacokinetics before and after Enzyme Induction
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“Bioelectrical impedance (BEl), a noninvasive assessment of body composition, measures lean body tissue, fat mass, and TBW by quantitating resistance to the passage of an electrical current (5-8).”
BackgroundDeterminant factors of sedentary time in individuals with COPD
Tofoli, T. M., Santin, L., Medeiros, L., Silva, H., Garcia, I. O., Camillo, C. A., Furlanetto, K. C., Hernandes, N. A., & Pitta, F. D. O. (2024) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2024.107839 · Cited by 8
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Raw bioelectrical impedance parameters as informative markers of body composition in youth
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“The accuracy of the BIA instrument was tested before each measurement, according to the manufacturer’s instructions.”
InfluentialPhase Angle as a Prognostic Indicator of Survival in Institutionalized Psychogeriatric Patients
Ortega, S. B., del Río, P. R., Enciso, L. C., Marcos, S. D. L. C., Massia, M. N., & Silleras, B. D. M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15092139 · Cited by 6
“Whole-body BIA was performed with a tetrapolar electrode configuration in monofrequency mode at 50 kHz with a BIA-101 analyzer (AKERN-Srl, Florence, Italy), following the standard protocol of Lukaski [36].”
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“PhA has received increasing attention because it is believed to be a proxy for water distribution (ratio of extracellular water (ECW) to intracellular water (ICW)) and body cell mass (BCM) [21].”
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“(28) (after 20 min of rest in the supine position with arms and legs relaxed and without contact with other parts of the body) and under strictly controlled conditions according to NIH guidelines (29).”
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“[27] as: Volume = √ (Length2/Impedance).”
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“Percent body fat was estimated using a single bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA-101, RJL Systems) following a previously described validated protocol (Lukaski et al., 1986).”
MethodFatores associados à melhora da composição corporal em indivíduos com DPOC após treinamento físico
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No Change in 24-Hour Hydration Status Following a Moderate Increase in Fluid Consumption
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“For BIA, a Quantum IV Body Composition Analyzer was used following manufacturer’s instructions (RJL Systems, Clinton Township, MI) to obtain estimates of total body water and intra- and extracellular water in duplicate, with the second measure performed immediately after the first [13,14].”
MethodBalleza, M., Estrella-Cerón, R., Romero-Muñiz, T., et al. (2018) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2018.08.032 · Cited by 6
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Total energy expenditure of 16 Chinese young men measured by the doubly labeled water method.
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“Body composition was determined using a four-terminal bioelectric impedance analyzer (101; RJL Systems, Clinton Township, MI, USA) as described by Lukaski et al.[6].”
MethodBušta, J., Kinkorová, I., Tufano, J. J., et al. (2018) · AUC KINANTHROPOLOGICA · doi:10.14712/23366052.2018.5 · Cited by 6
The relationship between body fat ratio and blood pressure in school-age children
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The effect of ketoconazole and transdermal estradiol on serum sex steroid hormones levels
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“Body fat measurements were performed at the beginning of each study period by bioelectrical impedance analysis, as above [16].”
MethodAssessment of bioelectrical impedance for individualising gentamicin therapy in neonates
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“BIA was performed in supine position in fasting patients, with 2 electrodes placed on the dorsal surface of the right hand and 2 on the dorsal surface of the right foot.(12) BCM was calculated, according to the manufacturer’s equations, from the values of resistance and reactance obtained with BIA, combined with body…”
MethodTotal body water measurement in renal insufficiency
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“The technique has been validated and the resistivity constant determined in adults [3, 4], normal children and children with growth disorders [5, 6].”
MethodPredictive accuracy of bioelectrical impedance equations corrected for fat‐free body size
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Effects of different electrodes on bioelectrical impedance values.
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Impact of Nutritional Status on the Well Being of Hemodialysis Patients
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Change in bioelectrical impedance following laparoscopic and open abdominal surgery
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Muscle fibre composition and glycogen synthase activity in hypertension‐prone men
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Bioimpedance measurement of specific body resistance
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Nutrition and longevity – diet in centenarians
Frias-Toral, E., Reytor-González, C., Annunziata, G., Verde, L., Jiménez-Flores, E., Sen, K., Galasso, M., Muscogiuri, G., Simancas‐Racines, D., Dalamaga, Μ., et al. (2026) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-026-07691-4 · Cited by 7
Bioelectric impedance analyses for young male athletes: A validation study
Küçükkubaş, N., Aytar, S. H., Açıkada, C., & Hazır, T. (2019) · Isokinetics and Exercise Science · doi:10.3233/ies-185209 · Cited by 5
“…lack of population specific formulas with options for specific population groups such as adolescence and athletes of different sports, users of BIA often have to opt for alternative modes of measurements [15,16] which might not apply properly to the population specificity of certain subject groups.”
Roggeman, S., García, B., Leemans, L., Demol, J., Geers, J., Smedt, A. D., Putman, K. D., Schiltz, M., Beckwée, D., & Waele, E. D. (2023) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-023-01392-1 · Cited by 6
“Very low intrinsic impedance (< 30 Ω) disposable electrodes (Biatrodes ™ Akern Srl; Florence, Italy) are placed on the right side at metacarpal and metatarsal sites of the right wrist and ankle [37].”
BackgroundBioelectrical Impedance Analysis of Body Composition in Male Childhood Brain Tumor Survivors
Romano, A., Sollazzo, F., Corbo, F., Attinà, G., Mastrangelo, S., Cordaro, S., Modica, G., Zovatto, I. C., Monti, R., Bianco, M., et al. (2024) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases12120306 · Cited by 6
“Participants were measured using tetrapolar configuration as described by Lukaski [32]: data were collected after 10 min of stationary supine position, with arms abducted 30 ◦ from the body and with a leg opening of 45 ◦ .”
Active Videogames and Weight Management: Is There a Future?
Maddison, R., Jull, A., Marsh, S., Direito, A., & Mhurchú, C. N. (2013) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2013.0031 · Cited by 5
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“Body composition was measured by trained staff using multiple-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) according to the standard procedures [18].”
MethodBioelectrical impedance changes of the trunk are opposite the limbs following acute hydration change
Wagner, D. R. (2022) · Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance · doi:10.2478/joeb-2022-0005 · Cited by 6
“The use of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to estimate human body composition parameters such as total body water (TBW), fat-free mass (FFM), and body fat percentage (%BF) dates back to the mid-1980s [1-4].”
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“The electrical properties measured (resistance [ Rs ] and reactance [ Xc ]) depend on changes in cell membrane integrity, and extra and intracellular fl uids (Hoffer et al., 1969; Lukaski et al., 1985; Lukaski et al., 1986; Baumgartner et al., 1988; Kyle et al., 2004a).”
BackgroundAnalysis of Water Compartment in Dengue Patients
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“Recently, a new and noninvasive bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has been used to estimate body composition and body hydration in adult human [2-5].”
MethodRelationship Between Physical Measures of Anthropometry and Bioimpedance Measures
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Spondyloarthritis and Strength Training: A 4-Year Report
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Health Indicator Estimation by Video-Based Gait Analysis
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A new nonlinear longitudinal vibration model of belt driving system applied in energy saving
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Nutrition Screening and Assessment by Anthropometry and Bioelectrical Impedance in the Frail Elderly
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The effects of ramipril on sympathetic nervous system function in older patients with hypertension
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[Body composition assessment in patients with chronic renal failure].
Cano, M., Camousseigt, J., Fernando Carrasco, N., Rojas, P., Inostroza, J., Pardo, A., Faundez, V., Loncon, P., Pacheco, A., & Sanhueza, M. A. E. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Lukaski, H. C., Bolonchuk, W. W., Hall, C. B., & Siders, W. A.
- ORCID
- Lukaski, H. C.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1986-04-01
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1327-1332
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2103844937
- Cited by
- 1,370
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 10.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Keywords
- body composition, fat-free mass, body fat percentage, hydrodensitometry, skinfold thickness, prediction error, anthropometry, method validation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anthropometry, Body Composition, Densitometry, Electric Conductivity, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Skinfold Thickness
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