The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Validation of tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance method to assess human body composition
Abstract
This study was conducted to validate the relationship between bioelectrical conductance (ht2/R) and densitometrically determined fat-free mass, and to compare the prediction errors of body fatness derived from the tetrapolar impedance method and skinfold thicknesses, relative to hydrodensitometry. One-hundred and fourteen male and female subjects, aged 18–50 yr, with a wide range of fat-free mass (34–96 kg) and percent body fat (4–41%), participated. For males, densitometrically determined fat-free mass was correlated highly (r = 0.979), with fat-free mass predicted from tetrapolar conductance measures using an equation developed for males in a previous study. For females, the correlation between measured fat-free mass and values predicted from the combined (previous and present male data) equation for men also was strong (r = 0.954). The regression coefficients in the male and female regression equations were not significantly different. Relative to hydrodensitometry, the impedance method had a lower predictive error or standard error of the estimates of estimating body fatness than did a standard anthropometric technique (2.7 vs. 3.9%). Therefore this study establishes the validity and reliability of the tetrapolar impedance method for use in assessment of body composition in healthy humans.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The BIA equation developed in this study (R2 = 0.97; SRMSE= 1.99) was similar to or better than those obtained with other equations designed with comparable sample sizes, such as that of Lukasky (84 males; 67 females) [27] based on hydrodensitometry (R2 = 0.96; SEE = 3.06), or of Baumgartner (35 males; 63 females)[28] based on a four compartment model (R2 = 0.91; SEE = 2.47).”
In the citing paper
“The body composition variables selected in the final model of this study have been reported as the best predictors in BIA equations designed to estimate FFM [25-27].”
In the citing paper
“The explanation for this could be that limb length and body weight are positively related to resistance, which is the main predictor of FFM estimated with BIA [27].”
In the citing paper
“There is limited information available regarding EQ3 development sample.The subjects ranged in age from 19 to 50 years, and the mean FFM was 60.2 kg, which was notably higher than our sample (Lukaski et al., 1986).”
From External validation of bioelectrical impedance analysis equations for body composition against dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in Mexican recreational runners (2025) · cites this paper as Lukaski et al., 1986
In the citing paper
“The Lukaski (22) and Kushner (21) equations provided estimates that were unaffected by the participants' body weight, but only the Lukaski equation ( 22) provided unbiased estimates.”
From Comparison of Body Composition Methods in Obese African‐American Women (2006) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA) is used in population and clinical studies as a technique for estimating body composition.”
From Prediction of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis in young adults from five populations of African origin (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has been used as a less expensive alternative for estimating body composition in both adults and children (3).”
From Prediction of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis in young adults from five populations of African origin (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“The BIA 101 Akern is a valid and reliable alternative to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for the assessment of body composition and has been used in various other studies [7,52–54].”
From How reliable is the labeling of a commercial phytosteroid product? A 12-week randomized double-blind training study (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
Citations
Cites
Snedecor, G. W., & Cochran, W. G. (1967) · Cited by 6,573
Durnin, J. V. G. A., & Womersley, J. (1974) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19740060 · Cited by 6,343
Multiple regression in behavioral research
Kerlinger, F. N., & Pedhazur, E. J. (1973) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,919
DENSITOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF BODY COMPOSITION: REVISION OF SOME QUANTITATIVE ASSUMPTIONS*
Brožek, J., Grande, F., Anderson, J. T., & Keys, A. B. (1963) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb17079.x · Cited by 2,263
Assessment of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance measurements of the human body
Lukaski, H., Johnson, P., Bolonchuk, W., & Lykken, G. (1985) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/41.4.810 · Cited by 1,896
Self-citationDielectric and electronic properties of biological materials
Pethig, R. (1979) · Cited by 702
Total body water measurement in humans with 18O and 2H labeled water
Schoeller, D. A., van Santen, E., Peterson, D. W., Dietz, W., Jaspan, J., & Klein, P. D. (1980) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/33.12.2686 · Cited by 666
Skinfolds and body density and their relation to body fatness: a review.
Tg, L. (1981) · PubMed · Cited by 663
Evaluation and regulation of body build and composition
Behnke, A. R., & Wilmore, J. H. (1974) · Prentice Hall eBooks · Cited by 627
Correlation of whole-body impedance with total body water volume.
Hoffer, E. C., Meador, C. K., & Simpson, D. C. (1969) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1969.27.4.531 · Cited by 530
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,301–1,369 of 1,369
The Effects of Dual-Tasking on Gait Dynamics in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment
Hawkins, T. C. (2019) · The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney)
Mangia, C., Carneluti, A., & de Andrade, M. C. (2020) · Asian Journal of Pediatric Research · doi:10.9734/ajpr/2020/v4i330149
“Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a fast, and inexpensive method that has been widely applied to evaluate the body composition for over thirty years [1,2,3].”
BackgroundMethodResultAlvero‐Cruz, J. R., Mathias, V. P., García-Romero, J., Rosety, I., Rosety, M. Á., Díaz, A. J., Ordóñez, F. J., & Rosety-Rodríguez, M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12113374 · Cited by 1
van der Held-Horinga, G. A., Stuber, J., MacDonald-Ottevanger, M., van Kanten, A. R., & Venrooij, L. N. N.-V. (2021) · Topics in Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1097/tin.0000000000000232
Zaniqueli, D. D. A., Alvim, R. D. O., Griep, R. H., Benseñor, I. M., Barreto, S. M., Lotufo, P. A., & Mill, J. G. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-16471/v1
Esfahaninia, A., Asgharpour, H., & Ahmadian, M. (2021) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology · doi:10.52547/joeppa.14.1.108
Geneen, L. J. (2014) · Queen Margaret University Publications Repository (Queen Margaret University)
Lai, Y. T., Yee, P. H., Kadir, H. B. A., Fan, L. C., Iyer, N. G., Hway, W. T., & An, G. T. C. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.01.28.22269997
(2009) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420082357-b
Jurimae, T., & Jurimae, J. (2001) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b14219-9
Koustav, B., Velkumary, S., & Abirami, M. (2022) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Physiology · doi:10.5530/ijcep.2021.8.4.35
Lopes, E., Soares, L. L., Caldas, L. R. D. R., Cerqueira, M. S., Marins, J. C. B., Albuquerque, M. R., & Carneiro‐Júnior, M. A. (2022) · Archivos de medicina del deporte: revista de la Federación Española de Medicina del Deporte y de la Confederación Iberoamericana de Medicina del Deporte · doi:10.18176/archmeddeporte.00067
A low-power reconfigurable ADC for bioimpedance monitoring system
Ramakrishna, P., Kishore, K. H., & Swathi, M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85172-5.00013-7
Kim, E., Seo, S. O., Choi, Y. B., Lee, M. J., Lee, J. E., & Kim, H. J. (2018) · Korean Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3904/kjm.2018.93.6.548
Kamata, K., & Tochikubo, O. (2003) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-200303000-00036
Minetto, M. A., Molinari, F., & Maffiuletti, N. A. (2016) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.11.014
“Bioimpedance analysis (BIA) was performed according to a conventional standard technique [5] that includes execution of the measurements after an overnight fast and within 30 minutes after voiding.”
MethodBody composition abnormalities in chronic respiratory disease
Machado, F. V. C. (2022) · doi:10.26481/dis.20220927fm
Dube, S., Dube, M., Sabnis, S., et al. (2022) · IP Journal of Nutrition Metabolism and Health Science · doi:10.18231/j.ijnmhs.2022.019
Silva, M. A. (2022) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.17.2022.tde-24112022-145126
Ferreira, R. L. U., da Silva, M. F., Olimpio, N. J. D. M., Oliveira, M. R. D. D. A., Vermeulen-Serpa, K. M., Brandão‐Neto, J., Vale, S. H. D. L., Leite-Lais, L., & Lopes, M. M. G. D. (2023) · Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.1108/nfs-09-2022-0321
Rodrigues, C. E. M., & Freitas, F. P. C. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2781457/v1
Oliveira, P. B. S. D., Diniz, E. F. F. S., de Oliveira, R. A. R., et al. (2022) · Revista Brasileira de Ciências do Envelhecimento Humano · doi:10.5335/rbceh.v19i3.11681
Research Status of Glucocorticoid Inducing Steroid Myopathy
侯, 洪. (2023) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2023.1361379
AIC Wissenschaftspreis 2022: 2. Platz
Ryz, S. (2023) · Anästhesie Nachrichten · doi:10.1007/s44179-023-00160-z
Avaliação nutricional e da composição corporal de portadores de adenocarcinoma retal
Mônaco-Ferreira, D. V. (2022) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2022.1255691
Using physical activity to advance a career in clinical nutrition
Lukaski, H. C. (2024) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-024-01410-2
Self-citationVermeulen-Serpa, K. M., Lopes, M. M. G. D., Alves, C. X., Grilo, E. C., Cunha, T. A., Miranda, C. T. D. O. F., Bezerra, B. G. P., Leite-Lais, L., Brandão‐Neto, J., & Vale, S. H. D. L. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16193299
“Two self-adhesive electrodes were placed on the dorsal surface of the right hand and two on the dorsal surface of the right foot of the participant in the supine position, as described by Lukaski et al. [22].”
MethodShin, J. H., & Yoon, J. Y. (2024) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.13494
“FFM measurements using MF-BIA were confirmed to be as valid and accurate as dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Lukaski et al. 1986, Marra et al. 2019).”
Lai, Y. T., Yee, P. H., Kadir, H. B. A., Lee, C. F., Iyer, N. G., Wong, T. H., & Tay, G. (2025) · OTO Open · doi:10.1002/oto2.70046 · Cited by 1
Evaluation de l'état nutritionnel
Melchior, J. (1996) · EMC - Endocrinologie - Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s1155-1941(19)30225-2
Park, S.-E., & Lee, O. (2025) · Exercise Science · doi:10.15857/ksep.2024.00598
Korambayil, P. M., Sanghvi, H. A., Shibu, L. M., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical and Scientific Research · doi:10.4103/jcsr.jcsr_50_24
da Silva, E. A. F., de Araújo, M. G. G., Xavier, A. M. S. F., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1588452
“The measurement was performed with the participant lying in a supine position, with four electrodes placed—two on the dorsal surface of the right hand and two on the dorsal surface of the right foot, as described by Lukaski et al. (22).”
Preserved Kidney Function and Renal Recovery in Living Kidney Donors
Carlsson, E., Gäbel, M., Kvarnström, N., et al. (2025) · Transplantation Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2025.07.031
Forné, Á. F., Fernández‐Jiménez, R., Toledo, M. D., Jiménez-Rodríguez, H., Muñoz-Lupiáñez, M., Ruiz-López, M. A., García‐Almeida, J. M., la Peña-Fernández, L. D., Queipo‐Ortuño, M. I., & Gómez‐Millán, J. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17203301
“All Rz and Xc values were uniformly measured within a margin of ± 1 Ω of the 385 Ohm reference standard [48,49].”
Aging, Fat Metabolism, and Adiposity
Elahi, D., McAloon-Dyke, M., & Andres, R. (1994) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.1994.tb01680.x
“To validate estimation of FFM derived from bioelectrical impedance measurement, Lukaski et al. (91) examined body composition in 114 volunteers aged 18-50 yr, with body fat ranging from 4% to 41%.”
Cost-Effective Body Composition Estimation Using Bioimpedance and Body Mass Index
Daher, M., Barake, R., & Roukaya, B. (2025) · International Conference on Advances in Biomedical Engineering (ICABME) · doi:10.1109/icabme66883.2025.11211535
“For example, Lukaski et al. showed that resistance at a fixed frequency correlates well with Total Body Water (TBW), enabling indirect estimation of FFM [3].”
Medidor de massa magra para seres humanos
Moreira, L. G. (2001) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Kazantsev, S. V. (2004) · INFM-OAR (INFN Catania) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.168978
Isenmann, E., Kaluza, D., Havers, T., Elbeshausen, A., Geisler, S., Hofmann, K., Flenker, U., Diel, P. R., & Gavanda, S. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24264713
Romeiro, C., Andretta, I., Paula, Y. H., et al. (2025) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2025.110022
Bioelectrical impedance analysis as a non-invasive tool to predict body composition in pullet layers
Puñal, S. B., Nicodemus, N., del Barrio, A. S., et al. (2026) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2026.106567
Garcia, B. G. J., Roggeman, S., Leemans, L., Cools, W., Beckwée, D., & Waele, E. D. (2026) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-026-01486-w
“We changed the title of the manuscript to “ Increased physical performance after personalised physiotherapy and nutritional counselling in adults with post-COVID-19 condition: insights from a pilot study ”.”
Sguaizer, F., Ferreri, B., Tufo, F., Mulasso, A., & Cremasco, M. M. (2026) · Journal of Biological Research - Bollettino della Società Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale · doi:10.4081/jbr.2026.14745
Cinque, F., Liparoti, A., Varchetta, S., Bozzi, G., Castelli, V., Ludovisi, S., Muscatello, A., Trombetta, E., Tornese, M., Mariani, B., et al. (2026) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-026-03540-4
Phase angle and standardized phase angle as predictors of 5-year survival in hemodialysis patients
Ruperto, M., Giorgi, M., Quiroga, B., Horrillo, A. S., & Bajo, M. A. (2026) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2026.113271
Pilot study of fluid shift assessment using bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy
Choi, J. (2026) · Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express · doi:10.1088/2057-1976/ae6d01
“Validation studies have shown that BIS correlates strongly with gold-standard dilution techniques, with reported correlation coefficients exceeding r = 0.94 for TBW and ECW estimation [10].”
InfluentialWeber, T. K., Miranda, M. B. L. D., Magiore, B. M., Denadai, J. C., Hormaza, J. M., Ravelli, M. N., & Costa, V. E. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9695844/v1
Ptaszek, B., Kurek, O., & Podsiadło, S. (2026) · Lymphatic Research and Biology · doi:10.1177/15578585261461974
“8,9 The study was conducted over a period of 4 weeks, during which the participants underwent a series of 10 pressother-apy treatments and measurements of physiological parameters.”
Bhasin, G., Dafale, R. S., Kamath, S. U., et al. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0351950
“BIA is a validated and widely used method for body composition assessment in both clinical and research settings [18,20,21].”
Lazzer, S., Mari, L., D’Alleva, M., Stafuzza, J., Zaccaron, S., Campigotto, N., Rejc, E., Tringali, G., Grimoldi, I., Micheli, R. D., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15145738 · Cited by 1
“Body composition was evaluated using bioelectrical impedance analysis (Human-IM Scan, DS-Medigroup, Milan, Italy) according to the method of Lukaski et al. (1986) [22], after 20 min of rest in a supine position with relaxed arms and legs.”
Böker, K., Vogel, M., Grundmann, A., & Kieß, W. (2026) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-026-01788-1
Bioimpedance: From Body Composition Assessment to Emerging Technologies in Clinical Nutrition
Pita, R. N., Fernández, I. M., Martínez, O., & Miranda, J. M. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18172889
Lazzer, S., Mari, L., D’Alleva, M., Stafuzza, J., Zaccaron, S., Campigotto, N., Rejc, E., Tringali, G., Grimoldi, I., Micheli, R. D., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15176866 · Cited by 1
“Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (Human-IM Scan, DS-Medigroup, Milan, Italy) following standardized procedures [28].”
Masoud, A. A., Hamuman, R., Alshehri, M., Alotaibi, R., Alenazi, M., Alarifi, H., Almawash, S., Alsubaie, G., & bin Sunaid, R. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10861524/v1
Pharmacotherapeutic options in sarcoidosis : how can we improve them?
Cremers, J. P. (2014) · doi:10.26481/dis.20140626jc
Al-Qadomi, A. E., & Nemr, S. (2005) · An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities) · doi:10.35552/0247-019-004-002
Bishop, P. A. (1989) · NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
DXA reference standards for percent body fat and lean body mass in adults
Wagner, N. V. (2013) · Cardinal Scholar (Ball State University)
Metadata
- Authors
- Lukaski, H. C., Bolonchuk, W. W., Hall, C. B., & Siders, W. A.
- ORCID
- Lukaski, H. C.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1986-04-01
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1327-1332
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2103844937
- Cited by
- 1,370
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 10.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Keywords
- body composition, fat-free mass, body fat percentage, hydrodensitometry, skinfold thickness, prediction error, anthropometry, method validation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anthropometry, Body Composition, Densitometry, Electric Conductivity, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Skinfold Thickness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
