The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Validation of tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance method to assess human body composition
Abstract
This study was conducted to validate the relationship between bioelectrical conductance (ht2/R) and densitometrically determined fat-free mass, and to compare the prediction errors of body fatness derived from the tetrapolar impedance method and skinfold thicknesses, relative to hydrodensitometry. One-hundred and fourteen male and female subjects, aged 18–50 yr, with a wide range of fat-free mass (34–96 kg) and percent body fat (4–41%), participated. For males, densitometrically determined fat-free mass was correlated highly (r = 0.979), with fat-free mass predicted from tetrapolar conductance measures using an equation developed for males in a previous study. For females, the correlation between measured fat-free mass and values predicted from the combined (previous and present male data) equation for men also was strong (r = 0.954). The regression coefficients in the male and female regression equations were not significantly different. Relative to hydrodensitometry, the impedance method had a lower predictive error or standard error of the estimates of estimating body fatness than did a standard anthropometric technique (2.7 vs. 3.9%). Therefore this study establishes the validity and reliability of the tetrapolar impedance method for use in assessment of body composition in healthy humans.
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In the citing paper
“The BIA equation developed in this study (R2 = 0.97; SRMSE= 1.99) was similar to or better than those obtained with other equations designed with comparable sample sizes, such as that of Lukasky (84 males; 67 females) [27] based on hydrodensitometry (R2 = 0.96; SEE = 3.06), or of Baumgartner (35 males; 63 females)[28] based on a four compartment model (R2 = 0.91; SEE = 2.47).”
In the citing paper
“The body composition variables selected in the final model of this study have been reported as the best predictors in BIA equations designed to estimate FFM [25-27].”
In the citing paper
“The explanation for this could be that limb length and body weight are positively related to resistance, which is the main predictor of FFM estimated with BIA [27].”
In the citing paper
“There is limited information available regarding EQ3 development sample.The subjects ranged in age from 19 to 50 years, and the mean FFM was 60.2 kg, which was notably higher than our sample (Lukaski et al., 1986).”
From External validation of bioelectrical impedance analysis equations for body composition against dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in Mexican recreational runners (2025) · cites this paper as Lukaski et al., 1986
In the citing paper
“The Lukaski (22) and Kushner (21) equations provided estimates that were unaffected by the participants' body weight, but only the Lukaski equation ( 22) provided unbiased estimates.”
From Comparison of Body Composition Methods in Obese African‐American Women (2006) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA) is used in population and clinical studies as a technique for estimating body composition.”
From Prediction of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis in young adults from five populations of African origin (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has been used as a less expensive alternative for estimating body composition in both adults and children (3).”
From Prediction of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis in young adults from five populations of African origin (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“The BIA 101 Akern is a valid and reliable alternative to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for the assessment of body composition and has been used in various other studies [7,52–54].”
From How reliable is the labeling of a commercial phytosteroid product? A 12-week randomized double-blind training study (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
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“Body composition was assessed through the Lukaski equation validated in obese subjects [18].”
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“Percentage body fat was estimated using tetrapolar bioimpedance (Biodynamics, model 310, Shoreline, Washington, USA) validated for epidemiological studies (24).”
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“Electrodes play an important role in measurement of bio signals and thus selection of electrodes needs careful consideration (Lukaski et al. 1986).”
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Use of bioelectrical impedance analysis in centenarians: a systematic review
Mandalà, C., Veronese, N., Dominguez, L. J., Candore, G., Accardi, G., Smith, L., Herrero, M. T., & Barbagallo, M. (2022) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-022-02282-x · Cited by 11
“Therefore, BIA may be applied across different settings, populations, and medical conditions [19, 20, 22].”
BackgroundFreitas, F. P. C., & Rodrigues, C. E. M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-40366-4 · Cited by 11
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“Measurements were taken as per standard protocol.[22] The participants were asked to lie down in supine position and four surface electrodes were placed, two signal introducing electrodes were located on the right dorsum of hand and foot close to the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints respectively and…”
MethodFat mass to fat-free mass ratio and its associations with clinical characteristics in asthma
Rugila, D. F., de Oliveira, J. M., Machado, F. V. C., Correia, N. S., Puzzi, V. C., Passos, N. F. P., Freitas, P. D., Pitta, F. D. O., Carvalho, C. R. F., & Furlanetto, K. C. (2022) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2022.07.006 · Cited by 11
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“Two other electrodes were placed on the dorsal surface on the right foot with one proximal to the third metatarsal-phalangeal joint (positive) and the other one between the medial and lateral malleoli (Lukaski et al., 1986).”
BackgroundBakul, G., & Tiwary, U. S. (2010) · The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal · doi:10.2174/1874120701004010217 · Cited by 11
Influence of fat-free mass on detection of appropriateness of left ventricular mass
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“The hand-to-foot BIA model, performed by tetra-polar gel electrodes in a supine lying position, had been shown great accuracy in measurement of fat free mass (Lukaski et al., 1986; Segal et al., 1988).”
MethodBezzoli, E., Andreotti, D., Pianta, L., Mascheroni, M., Piccinno, L., Puricelli, L., Cimolin, V., Salvadori, A., Codecasa, F., & Capodaglio, P. (2016) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2016.1244292 · Cited by 11
“[42] Body composition: The body composition was evaluated using the Tetrapolar Bioelettrical Impedance Method [43] (BIA 101/S, Akern, Italy).”
MethodParavidino, V. B., Mediano, M. F. F., Crochemore‐Silva, I., Wendt, A. T., Vecchio, F. B. D., Neves, F. A., Terra, B., Gomes, E. A. C., Moura, A. S., & Sichieri, R. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2445-6 · Cited by 10
Dry Electrode-Based Body Fat Estimation System with Anthropometric Data for Use in a Wearable Device
Shin, S.-C., Lee, J., Choe, S., Yang, H. I., Min, J., Ahn, K.-Y., Jeon, J. Y., & Kang, H.-G. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19092177 · Cited by 11
“In a simple cylinder-shaped model [8,16], the H(2)/R50 value is used for predicting PBF, where H is the height and R50 is the impedance value measured by the impinging frequency of 50 kHz.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRespiratory and metabolic responses during exercise and skeletal muscle morphology in obesity
Salvadori, A., Fanari, P., Dworzak, F., et al. (2004) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-004-0010-z · Cited by 11
Electrode placement in neonatal bioelectrical impedance analysis
Sidhu, J. S., TRIGGS, E. J., Charles, B. G., et al. (1994) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/bf02524702 · Cited by 11
Influence of hormonal status and oral intake on phase angle in HIV-infected men
de Luis, D. A., Aller, R., Bachiller, P., et al. (2004) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2004.05.017 · Cited by 11
Body Composition Analysis of Staff members of College Using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Method
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“PFSDQ-M Dyspnea (pts) 16[6-27] 20[10-33] 16[8-28] 19[10-34] 11[6-20] 20[12-33]*”
Body Composition by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
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Smaller Hip Circumference is Associated with Dyslipidemia and the Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Women
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ASSESSMENT OF BODY COMPOSITION BY BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS
Nakadomo, F., Tanaka, K., Watanabe, H., et al. (1991) · 体力科學 · doi:10.7600/jspfsm1949.40.93 · Cited by 11
Dasgupta, R., Anoop, S., Samuel, P., Kurian, M. E., Inbakumari, M., Finney, G., & Thomas, N. (2019) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2018.11.070 · Cited by 10
“[15], reported a strong correlation between FFM determined by hydro-densitometry and FFM mass derived using a BIA based predictive equation in healthy 114 male and female subjects aged between 18 and 50 years.”
MethodBioimpedance analysis of body composition: what should general practitioner know?
Drapkina, O. M., Максимова, О. А., Sheptulina, A. F., et al. (2022) · Russian Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.17116/profmed20222510191 · Cited by 10
Bu, S. Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1254109 · Cited by 10
The Long-Term Effects of Stand-up Paddle Boarding: A Case Study
Schram, B. L. (2017) · International Journal of Sports and Exercise Medicine · doi:10.23937/2469-5718/1510065 · Cited by 11
“Body composition and basal metabolic rate was assessed using bio-electrical impedance (Tanita Body Composition Analyzer MC-980MA, Illinois, USA) as this has previously been shown to accurately estimate body composition [6].”
MethodIngestão dietética de cálcio e adiposidade em mulheres adultas
Esteves, E. A., Rodrigues, C. A. A., & Paulino, É. J. (2010) · Revista de Nutrição · doi:10.1590/s1415-52732010000400005 · Cited by 10
Trippo, U., Koebnick, C., Zunft, H.-J. F., & Greil, H. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.2.335 · Cited by 10
“3 kg higher than that calculated according to the equation of Lukaski et al (3), and 3.”
MethodKogure, G. S., Silva, R. C., Ribeiro, V. B., Mendes, M. C., Menezes-Reis, R., Ferriani, R. A., Furtado, C. L. M., & dos Reis, R. M. (2020) · Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.20945/2359-3997000000246 · Cited by 10
“Two other electrodes were placed on the dorsal surface on the right foot with one just proximal to the third metatarsophalangea joint (positive) and the other one between the medial and lateral malleoli (14).”
Background22nd European Congress on Obesity (ECO2015), Prague, Czech Republic, May 6-9, 2015: Abstracts
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Comparison of two field methods for estimating body fat in different spanish dance disciplines.
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“Two other electrodes were placed on the dorsal surface on the right foot with one just proximal to the third metatarso-phalangeal joint (positive) and the other one between the medial and lateral malleoli (12).”
BackgroundIssues in the measurement of hand oedema
Palmada, M., Shah, S., & O'Hare, K. (1998) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.3109/09593989809057158 · Cited by 10
Skeletal muscle oxygen uptake in obese patients: functional evaluation by knee-extension exercise
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“Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance (BIA, Human IM Plus; DS Dietosystem, Milan, Italy) according to the method of Lukaski et al. (1986).”
MethodDonadio, C., Kanaki, A., Caprio, F., Donadio, E., Tognotti, D., & Olivieri, L. (2012) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfs010 · Cited by 10
“8 mA) impedance analyser (ST-BIA; Akern) in 357/367 patients at the time of GFR measurement [27].”
BackgroundFilho, J. C. J., Cyrino, E. S., Gurjão, A. L. D., Braz, I. A., Gonçalves, R., & Gobbi, S. (2010) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/s1517-86922010000100002 · Cited by 9
“Os eletrodos receptores foram colocados no ponto médio entre as proeminências distais do rádio e da ulna do punho direito, e entre o maléolo medial e lateral do tornozelo direito, respectivamente, como descrito por Lukaski et al.(14).”
BackgroundMesure de la composition corporelle par impédance bioélectrique
Boulier, A., Fricker, J., Ferry, M., et al. (1991) · Nutrition Clinique et Métabolisme · doi:10.1016/s0985-0562(05)80125-6 · Cited by 10
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Lipolytic sensitivity to catecholamines in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection
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Nguyen, P. H., Young, M. F., Khuong, L. Q., Ramakrishnan, U., Martorell, R., & Hoffman, D. J. (2020) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711452000241x · Cited by 8
“Estimating body composition with BIA is based on the principle that electricity is impeded as it is conducted through a cylinder and passes easily through hydrated tissue, that is, fat-free mass (FFM), yet resisted by tissue with little to no water, fat mass (FM)(23).”
BackgroundOverweight and obesity in a Swiss city: 10-year trends
Kyle, U. G., Kossovsky, M. P., Genton, L., & Pichard, C. (2007) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s136898000765798x · Cited by 9
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“Decades of research indicate that BIA is an appropriate technique for assessing body composition [18, 19].”
MethodHanna, D. B., Baig, I., Subbiondo, R. J., & Iqbal, U. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.37377 · Cited by 9
“BIA has been introduced in the medical fields of nephrology, hepatology, nutrition, and rehabilitation [7-9].”
BackgroundSkórka, M., Więch, P., Przybek-Mita, J. Z., Malisiewicz, A., Pytlak, K., & Bazaliński, D. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15132869 · Cited by 9
Sanches, R. B., Andrade-Silva, S. G., Fidalgo, J. P. N., Moraes, A. D. S., Poli, V. F. S., Oyama, L. M., dos Santos, R. V. T., & Caranti, D. A. (2016) · Obesity Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2015.12.004 · Cited by 9
COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT METHODS FOR MEASURING BODY FAT AFTER A WEIGHT LOSS PROGRAM
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Methods of body composition analysis the status of the gold standard
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“by electrodes VH (right hand) and VL (left hand) [20,21].”
BackgroundPrediction of basal metabolic rate in patients with Prader–Willi syndrome
Lazzer, S., Grugni, G., Tringali, G., & Sartório, A. (2015) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.161 · Cited by 9
Comparison of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis with Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry in Obese Women
Cho, Y. G., Kang, J., & Kim, K. (2007) · The Korean Journal of Obesity · Cited by 9
Travassos, A., Rodrigues, A., Furlanetto, K. C., Donária, L., Bisca, G. W., Nellessen, A. G., Pitta, F. D. O., & Hernandes, N. A. (2017) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2017.105 · Cited by 10
Czupryna, P., Moniuszko-Malinowska, A. M., Grygorczuk, S., et al. (2018) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0300060518790175 · Cited by 9
“All measurements were performed by qualified personnel according to the previously reported tetrapolar method.(22) The subject was fasting, had no metallic objects, had not exercised or entered a sauna for 8 hours before the study, and had consumed no alcohol within the previous 12 hours.”
MethodThe Use of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Newborns. The Need for Standardization
Gartner, A., Maire, B., Delpeuch, F., et al. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1268-8_37 · Cited by 9
Bioelectrical impedance modelling of gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters.
Zarowitz, B., Pilla, A. M., & Peterson, E. (1989) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1989.tb03528.x · Cited by 9
Matias, C. N., Campa, F., Cavaca, M., Paoli, A., & Teixeira, F. J. (2023) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2022.111931 · Cited by 11
Esposito, J. G., Thomas, S. G., Kingdon, L., & Ezzat, S. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0431 · Cited by 7
Montalibet, A., Rastel, D., Chaigneau, C., Grenier, E., & McAdams, E. T. (2020) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/1361-6579/abaa57 · Cited by 7
Wells, A. D., Bellovary, B. N., Houck, J. M., Ducharme, J. B., Masoud, A. A., Gibson, A. L., & Mermier, C. M. (2020) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/dxjn8781 · Cited by 9
“Several assumptions are required as BIA %BF estimates rely on electrical conductance (9, 25, 30).”
BackgroundAssessment of haematocrit status using bioelectrical impedance analysis in dengue patients
Ibrahim, F., Ismail, N. A., Taib, M. N., et al. (2003) · IFAC Proceedings Volumes · doi:10.1016/s1474-6670(17)33515-2 · Cited by 8
Somatotipo, Masa Grasa y Muscular del Escalador Deportivo Español de Elite
Alvero‐Cruz, J. R., Arnabat, L. G., Alacid, F., Rosety, M. Á., & Muñoz, F. J. O. (2011) · International Journal of Morphology · doi:10.4067/s0717-95022011000400026 · Cited by 8
“Bajo condiciones estandarizadas, se obtuvieron, valores de Impedancia (Z), Resistencia (R), Reactancia (Xc) todos ellos en Ω y el ángulo de fase, con disposición de 4 electrodos (mano y pie rechos) (Lukaski et al., 1986, Alvero-Cruz et al., 2005).”
Bernal-Ceballos, F., Wacher, N. H., Orea‐Tejeda, A., Hernández‐Gilsoul, T., & Castillo‐Martínez, L. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.04.015 · Cited by 10
Holmes, C. J., Racette, S. B., Symonds, L., Arbeláez, A. M., Cao, C., & Granados, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19074037 · Cited by 8
“9 yr) using DXA, SFBIA with two prediction equations (Lukaski [41] and Segal [42]), and skinfold thickness.”
Barroso, L. N., Salarini, J. S., Leite, N. C., Villela‐Nogueira, C. A., Dávalos, A., Carmo, M. D. G. T., & Peres, W. A. F. (2023) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.06.027 · Cited by 8
Dũng, N. Q., Fusch, G., Armbrust, S., Jochum, F., & Fusch, C. (2007) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00272.x · Cited by 9
Goode, T. L., & Klein, H. J. (2002) · ILAR Journal · doi:10.1093/ilar.43.3.136 · Cited by 8
“…impedance in biomedical research has been limited to rats, cats, dogs, sheep, and nonhuman primates (Hoffer et al. 1969; Ilagan et al. 1993; Jenkins et al. 1988; Kichul et al. 1995; Lukaski et al. 1986; Mathers et al. 2000; Olde Rikkert et al. 1997; Scheltinga et al. 1991; Stanton et al. 1992).”
BackgroundGougeon, R. (2001) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2001.28 · Cited by 8
Stachoń, A. J., & Pietraszewska, J. (2013) · Human Movement · doi:10.2478/humo-2013-0024 · Cited by 8
Bioelectrical-Impedance Analysis of the Fat-Free Mass in Breeder Turkey Hens ,
Grimes, J. L., Ort, J. F., Christensen, V. L., et al. (1990) · Poultry Science · doi:10.3382/ps.0690369 · Cited by 8
Assessment of Salat Taraweeh and Fasting Effect on Body Composition
Mohktar, M. S., & Ibrahim, F. (2008) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69139-6_37 · Cited by 8
Measures of adiposity in two cohorts of Hawaiian school children
Brown, D. E., Gotshalk, L. A., Katzmarzyk, P. T., et al. (2011) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.3109/03014460.2011.560894 · Cited by 8
“A tetrapolar electrical configuration was used with electrodes placed on dorsal foot and posterior hand positions (Lukaski et al. 1986).”
MethodBioimpedance Vector Analysis in Diagnosing Severe and Non-Severe Dengue Patients
Khalil, S. F., Mohktar, M. S., & Ibrahim, F. (2016) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s16060911 · Cited by 8
“Bioimpedance analysis (BIA) is a method that is applied noninvasively, the machine is portable and it is a cost-effective technique to estimate the body composition and hydration status in the human body [5–7].”
MethodGöz, M., Sert, C., Hazar, A., et al. (2020) · Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.21470/1678-9741-2019-0152 · Cited by 8
“It is used in many ways and in many disease groups[13-15].”
BackgroundBody Composition and Selected Nutritional Indicators in Healthy Adults—A Cross-Sectional Study
Więch, P., Chmiel, Z., Bazaliński, D., Sobolewski, M., & Sałacińska, I. (2021) · Global Advances in Health and Medicine · doi:10.1177/21649561211021794 · Cited by 9
“Disposable electrodes were placed on the dorsal surface of the right upper (over the wrist) and right lower limb (on the ankle), as described by Lukaski et al.(44) The following measurements were analyzed: fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM), total body water (TBW) and body cell mass (BCM).”
MethodEffects of hydration changes on bioelectrical impedance in endurance trained individuals
Saunders, M. J., BLEVINS, J. E., & Broeder, C. E. (1998) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199806000-00017 · Cited by 8
Is whole body impedance a predictor of blood viscosity?
Varlet‐Marie, E., Gaudard, A., Mercier, J., et al. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 8
Nenchev, N., Hatib, F., & Daskalov, I. K. (1998) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/19/1/004 · Cited by 8
Sáez, J. M. G., Maravall, F. J., Arnaiz, N. G., et al. (2000) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/s0025-7753(00)71589-2 · Cited by 8
A comparison of different methods to measure body composition in patients
Tölli, J., Bengtsson, B. ‐., Bosaeus, I. G., Johannsson, G., & Alpsten, M. (1998) · Applied Radiation and Isotopes · doi:10.1016/s0969-8043(97)00225-x · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Lukaski, H. C., Bolonchuk, W. W., Hall, C. B., & Siders, W. A.
- ORCID
- Lukaski, H. C.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1986-04-01
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1327-1332
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2103844937
- Cited by
- 1,370
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 10.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Keywords
- body composition, fat-free mass, body fat percentage, hydrodensitometry, skinfold thickness, prediction error, anthropometry, method validation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anthropometry, Body Composition, Densitometry, Electric Conductivity, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Skinfold Thickness
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