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Role of osmolality and plasma volume during rehydration in humans
Abstract
To determine how the sodium content of ingested fluids affects drinking and the restoration of the body fluid compartments after dehydration, we studied six subjects during 4 h of recovery from 90-110 min of a heat [36 degrees C, less than 30% relative humidity (rh)] and exercise (40% maximal aerobic power) exposure, which caused body weight to decrease by 2.3%. During the 1st h, subjects rested seated without any fluids in a thermoneutral environment (28 degrees C, less than 30% rh) to allow the body fluid compartments to stabilize. Over the next 3 h, subjects rehydrated ad libitum using tap water and capsules containing either placebo (H2O-R) or 0.45 g NaCl (Na-R) per 100 ml water. During the 3-h rehydration period, subjects restored 68% of the lost water during H2O-R, whereas they restored 82% during Na-R (P less than 0.05). Urine volume was greater in H2O-R than in Na-R; thus only 51% of the lost water was retained during H2O-R, whereas 71% was retained during Na-R (P less than 0.05). Plasma osmolality was elevated throughout the rehydration period in Na-R, whereas it returned to the control level by 30 min in H2O-R (P less than 0.05). Changes in free water clearance followed changes in plasma osmolality. The restoration of plasma volume during Na-R was 174% of that lost. During H2O-R it was 78%, which seemed to be sufficient to diminish volume-dependent dipsogenic stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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“Unequivocally, post-exercise urine output decreases as the drink sodium concentration increases”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“As these data indicate, plain water is not likely sufficient to restore fluid balance following training due to the consequent decrease in plasma sodium concentration and osmolality [82] causing diuresis.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [82]
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Self-citationRole of Sodium in Fluid Homeostasis with Exercise
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BackgroundVariability of Measurements of Sweat Sodium Using the Regional Absorbent-Patch Method
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“Changes in ICF volumes were not associated with K+ movements, as has been found in studies of rehydration (Nose et al. 1988b).”
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Errors in Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Estimation of Body Composition Induced by Hypohydration
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Hyyppä, S., Saastamoinen, M., & Pösö, A. R. (1996) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1996.tb05038.x · Cited by 43
Fasting and recovery from exercise
Burke, L. M. (2010) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.071472 · Cited by 42
Macronutrients and performance
Williams, C. (1995) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640419508732271 · Cited by 42
Kenefick, R. W., Maresh, C. M., Armstrong, L. E., Riebe, D. A., Echegaray, M., & Castellani, J. W. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00920.2006 · Cited by 41
Dietary intervention and training in swimmers
Cade, J. R., Reese, R. H., Privette, R. M., Hommen, N. M., Rogers, J. L., & Fregly, M. J. (1991) · European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00233850 · Cited by 40
Nutritional needs of elite endurance athletes. Part I: Carbohydrate and fluid requirements
Tarnopolsky, M. A., Gibala, M., Jeukendrup, A. E., & Phillips, S. M. (2005) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461390500076741 · Cited by 39
“Sodium containing drinks may also enhance post exercise fluid balance compared to water alone by increasing the sensation of thirst and therefore voluntary fluid intake (Maughan & Leiper, 1993; Nose et al., 1988a,b).”
BackgroundIntravenous vs. oral rehydration: effects on subsequent exercise-heat stress
Castellani, J. W., Maresh, C. M., Armstrong, L. E., Kenefick, R. W., Riebe, D. A., Echegaray, M., Casa, D. J., & Castracane, V. D. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.82.3.799 · Cited by 40
Deep ocean mineral water accelerates recovery from physical fatigue
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“Consumption of plain water during rehydration can decrease plasma sodium concentration and plasma osmolality, resulting in an increase in urine production and a decrease in thirst [126].”
BackgroundWong, S. H., Williams, C., Simpson, M., & Ogaki, T. (1998) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/026404198366858 · Cited by 38
Stookey, J. D. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11030657 · Cited by 40
“Urine osmolality reflects conditions in the 2–4 h before the urine collection [21,96].”
BackgroundExertional Heat Cramps: Recovery and Return to Play
Bergeron, M. F. (2007) · Journal of Sport Rehabilitation · doi:10.1123/jsr.16.3.190 · Cited by 37
Rehydration and recovery after exercise
Maughan, R. J., & Shirreffs, S. M. (2004) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2004.05.003 · Cited by 37
Dysnatremia Predicts a Delayed Recovery in Collapsed Ultramarathon Runners
Hew‐Butler, T., Sharwood, K. A., Boulter, J., Collins, M., Tucker, R., Dugas, J. P., Shave, R., George, K., Cable, N. T., Verbalis, J. G., et al. (2007) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0b013e31804c779b · Cited by 37
Metadata
- Authors
- Nose, H., Mack, G. W., Shi, X. R., & Nadel, E. R.
- Affiliations
- John B. Pierce Laboratory (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1988-07-01
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 325-331
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2157430501
- Cited by
- 304
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 2.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 20634)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Electrolyte and hormonal disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- rehydration, plasma osmolality, plasma volume, sodium intake, dehydration, free water clearance, urine output, water retention, thirst, body fluid compartments
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Algorithms, Blood Volume, Body Weight, Dehydration, Electrolytes, Physical Exertion, Hot Temperature, Humans, Male, Osmolar Concentration, Sodium, Thirst, Urine, Water
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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