Effect of training in the fasted state on metabolic responses during exercise with carbohydrate intake
Open accessAbstract
Skeletal muscle gene response to exercise depends on nutritional status during and after exercise, but it is unknown whether muscle adaptations to endurance training are affected by nutritional status during training sessions. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of an endurance training program (6 wk, 3 day/wk, 1–2 h, 75% of peak V̇o 2) in moderately active males. They trained in the fasted (F; n = 10) or carbohydrate-fed state (CHO; n = 10) while receiving a standardized diet [65 percent of total energy intake (En) from carbohydrates, 20%En fat, 15%En protein]. Before and after the training period, substrate use during a 2-h exercise bout was determined. During these experimental sessions, all subjects were in a fed condition and received extra carbohydrates (1 g·kg body wt−1 ·h−1). Peak V̇o 2 (+7%), succinate dehydrogenase activity, GLUT4, and hexokinase II content were similarly increased between F and CHO. Fatty acid binding protein (FABPm) content increased significantly in F ( P = 0.007). Intramyocellular triglyceride content (IMCL) remained unchanged in both groups. After training, pre-exercise glycogen content was higher in CHO (545 ± 19 mmol/kg dry wt; P = 0.02), but not in F (434 ± 32 mmol/kg dry wt; P = 0.23). For a given initial glycogen content, F blunted exercise-induced glycogen breakdown when compared with CHO ( P = 0.04). Neither IMCL breakdown ( P = 0.23) nor fat oxidation rates during exercise were altered by training. Thus short-term training elicits similar adaptations in peak V̇o 2 whether carried out in the fasted or carbohydrate-fed state. Although there was a decrease in exercise-induced glycogen breakdown and an increase in proteins involved in fat handling after fasting training, fat oxidation during exercise with carbohydrate intake was not changed.
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Several weeks of fasted training increases lipid transport protein content.
“while several weeks of fasted training increases oxidative enzyme activity [30], lipid transport protein content [31] and resting glycogen storage [32].”
From Fuel for the Work Required: A Theoretical Framework for Carbohydrate Periodization and the Glycogen Threshold Hypothesis (2018) · cites this paper as [31]
In that study, small changes were observed in proteins involved in the regulation of fat metabolism but this did not result in measurable changes in fat oxidation.
“In this study, small changes were observed in proteins involved in the regulation of fat metabolism but this did not result in measurable changes in fat oxidation.”
From Periodized Nutrition for Athletes (2017) · cites this paper as [37]
Another study by the same research group did not result in any marked improvements with training in the fasted state.
“Another study by the same research group did not result in any marked improvements with training in the fasted state [37].”
From Periodized Nutrition for Athletes (2017) · cites this paper as [37]
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- Authors
- De Bock, K., Derave, W., Eijnde, B. O., Hesselink, M. K., Koninckx, E., Rose, A. J., Schrauwen, P., Bonen, A., Richter, E. A., & Hespel, P.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- University of Guelph (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2008-04
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1045-1055
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2166658494
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 5.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Sundhed og Sygdom, Det Frie Forskningsråd
- European Commission
- Novo Nordisk
- Vlaamse regering
- Kulturministeriet
- Diabetesforeningen
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- endurance training, fasting state, carbohydrate intake, skeletal muscle adaptation, glycogenolysis, intramyocellular triglyceride, fat oxidation, fatty acid binding protein, GLUT4, hexokinase 2, succinate dehydrogenase, peak oxygen uptake
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Body Weight, Dietary Carbohydrates, Fasting, Fats, Hormones, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Kinetics, Male, Metabolism, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Fitness, RNA, Succinate Dehydrogenase, Blotting, Western, Exercise, Tissue Fixation, Muscle, Skeletal, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcription
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