The Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Interplay between Diet, Gut Microbiota, and Genetic Background
Open accessAbstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the world, and it comprises a spectrum of hepatic abnormalities from simple hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. While the pathogenesis of NAFLD remains incompletely understood, a multihit model has been proposed that accommodates causal factors from a variety of sources, including intestinal and adipose proinflammatory stimuli acting on the liver simultaneously. Prior cellular and molecular studies of patient and animal models have characterized several common pathogenic mechanisms of NAFLD, including proinflammation cytokines, lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In recent years, gut microbiota has gained much attention, and dysbiosis is recognized as a crucial factor in NAFLD. Moreover, several genetic variants have been identified through genome-wide association studies, particularly rs738409 (Ile748Met) in PNPLA3 and rs58542926 (Glu167Lys) in TM6SF2, which are critical risk alleles of the disease. Although a high-fat diet and inactive lifestyles are typical risk factors for NAFLD, the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and genetic background is believed to be more important in the development and progression of NAFLD. This review summarizes the common pathogenic mechanisms, the gut microbiota relevant mechanisms, and the major genetic variants leading to NAFLD and its progression.
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NAFLD is now the commonest chronic liver disease in Western nations.
“which is now the commonest chronic liver disease in Western nations 78.”
From The Circadian Syndrome: is the Metabolic Syndrome and much more! (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
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The Circadian Syndrome: is the Metabolic Syndrome and much more!
Zimmet, P., Alberti, K. G. M. M., Stern, N., Bilu, C., El‐Osta, A., Einat, H., & Kronfeld‐Schor, N. (2019) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12924 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
- Authors
- Yu, J., Marsh, S., Hu, J., Feng, W., & Wu, C.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Tongji Hospital (CN)
- University of Louisville (US)
- Texas A&M University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yu, Jinsheng
- Venue
- Gastroenterology Research and Practice
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 2016
- Pages
- 1-13
- ISSN
- 1687-6121 (ISSN-L)
- 1687-630X
- PMC
- PMC4876215
- OpenAlex
- W2345961722
- Cited by
- 199
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 2.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Gastroenterology Research and Practice (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R21AA022416)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK095862)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Keywords
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, pathogenesis, gut microbiota, dysbiosis, high-fat diet, genetic susceptibility, PNPLA3, TM6SF2, hepatic steatosis, steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, inflammatory cytokines, lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress
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