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Acute and Chronic Effects of Caffeine on Performance, Mood, Headache, and Sleep

James, Jack E.·1998·Neuropsychobiology

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Abstract

Despite being the most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the world, there is considerable confusion regarding the effects of caffeine. This study examined objective indices of performance, and self-reported mood, headache, and sleep in 36 healthy male and female habitual caffeine consumers exposed to a pattern of moderate intake. A double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over design with counterbalancing was employed in which all subjects participated in four experimental conditions involving the ingestion of placebo or caffeine 3 times daily for 6 days followed by a 7th (challenge) day of placebo or caffeine ingestion. No evidence was found that caffeine improved performance, either in the context of acute or habitual use. On the contrary, performance was found to be significantly impaired when caffeine was withdrawn abruptly following habitual use. Participants reported feeling more alert and less tired following acute ingestion of caffeine, but feeling less alert in conjunction with chronic exposure to the drug. In addition, caffeine withdrawal was associated with reported increases in frequency and severity of headache, and with reports of sleeping longer and more soundly.

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Authors: James, J. E.
Affiliations: La Trobe University (AU)
Corresponding author: James, Jack E.
ORCID: James, Jack E.
Venue: Neuropsychobiology
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Published: 1998
Volume: 38
Issue: 1
Pages: 32-41
ISSN: 0302-282X (ISSN-L)
1423-0224
DOI: 10.1159/000026514
OpenAlex: W2068463957
Cited by: 157
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 2.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses (vor)
www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses (tdm)
Locations: Neuropsychobiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Keywords: caffeine, acute caffeine ingestion, cognitive performance, mood, alertness, fatigue, caffeine withdrawal, headache, sleep, sleep quality
MeSH terms: Acute Disease, Affect, Analysis of Variance, Caffeine, Chronic Disease, Female, Headache, Humans, Male, Memory, Models, Psychological, Psychomotor Performance, Reference Values, Saliva, Sleep, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Chi-Square Distribution, Sex Distribution, Cross-Over Studies

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Acute and Chronic Effects of Caffeine on Performance, Mood, Headache, and Sleep

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