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Cited by 177Coffee research and impactsAlcohol Consumption and Health EffectsNutritional Studies and Diet

Coffee Consumption and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Death

Kleemola, Päivi, Jousilahti, Pekka, Pietinen, Pirjo, Vartiainen, Erkki, Tuomilehto, Jaakko·2000·Archives of Internal Medicine
DOI 10.1001/archinte.160.22.3393
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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To study prospectively the relation of coffee drinking with fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease (CHD) and all-cause mortality and to perform a cross-sectional analysis at baseline on the association between coffee drinking and CHD risk factors, diagnosed diseases, self-reported symptoms, and use of medicines. METHODS: The study cohort consisted of 20 179 randomly selected eastern Finnish men and women aged 30 to 59 years who participated in a cross-sectional risk factor survey in 1972, 1977, or 1982. Habitual coffee drinking, health behavior, major known CHD risk factors, and medical history were assessed at the baseline examination. Each subject was followed up for 10 years after the survey using the national hospital discharge and death registers. Multivariate analyses were performed by using the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: In men, the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction was not associated with coffee drinking. The age-adjusted association of coffee drinking was J shaped with CHD mortality and U shaped with all-cause mortality. The highest CHD mortality was found among those who did not drink coffee at all (multivariate adjusted). Also, in women, all-cause mortality decreased by increasing coffee drinking. The prevalence of smoking and the mean level of serum cholesterol increased with increasing coffee drinking. Non-coffee drinkers more often reported a history of various diseases and symptoms, and they also more frequently used several drugs compared with coffee drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: Coffee drinking does not increase the risk of CHD or death. In men, slightly increased mortality from CHD and all causes in heavy coffee drinkers is largely explained by the effects of smoking and a high serum cholesterol level. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:3393-3400.

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Authors
Kleemola, P., Jousilahti, P., Pietinen, P., Vartiainen, E., & Tuomilehto, J.
Affiliations
University of Helsinki (FI)
Corresponding author
Kleemola, Päivi
ORCID
Jousilahti, Pekka
Venue
Archives of Internal Medicine
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2000-12-11
Volume
160
Issue
22
Pages
3393
ISSN
0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1001/archinte.160.22.3393
OpenAlex
W2106908727
Cited by
177
References
35
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 4
FWCI
2.59
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords
coffee consumption, coronary artery disease, all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease mortality, smoking, serum cholesterol, cardiovascular risk factors, sex differences
MeSH terms
Adult, Coffee, Coronary Disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Finland, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Proportional Hazards Models

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