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Cited by 168Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology ResearchChild Abuse and Trauma

Narrative Exposure Therapy versus Interpersonal Psychotherapy

Open access
Schaal, Susanne, Elbert, Thomas, Neuner, Frank·2009·Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
DOI 10.1159/000229768
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of treatment modules for trauma spectrum disorders in a sample of Rwandan genocide orphans. METHODS: Twenty-six orphans (originally 27) who presented with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at first assessment continued to meet a PTSD DSM-IV diagnosis 6 months after their initial assessment. They were offered participation in a controlled treatment trial. A group adaptation of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT, n = 14) was compared to individual narrative exposure therapy (NET, n = 12). The last NET session involved guided mourning. Each treatment program consisted of 4 weekly sessions. Main outcome measures were diagnostic status and symptoms of PTSD and depression assessed before treatment, at 3 months post-test and at 6 months follow-up using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, and Hamilton Rating Scale. RESULTS: At post-test, there were no significant group differences between NET and IPT on any of the examined outcome measures. At 6-month follow-up, only 25% of NET, but 71% of IPT participants still fulfilled PTSD criteria. There was a significant time x treatment interaction in the severity of PTSD [Wilks' Lambda = 0.75, F(2,23) = 3.93; p < 0.05] and depression symptoms [Wilks' Lambda = 0.23, F(2,23) = 3.40; p = 0.05]. At follow-up, NET participants were significantly more improved than IPT participants with respect to both the severity of symptoms of…

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1159/000229768

Cites

32 of 32 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

0 of 34 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    At post-test and at follow-up, NET participants demonstrated larger effect sizes on PTSD and depression measures compared to IPT participants.

    “At post-test and at follow-up, NET participants demonstrated larger effect sizes on PTSD and depression measures compared to IPT participants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Orphans in the IPT group did not maintain their post-test results.

    “Orphans in the IPT group did not maintain their post-test results.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The percentage of NET participants meeting DSM-IV criteria for PTSD dropped to 58.3% (n = 7 of 12) at post-test (p = 0.06).

    “The percentage of NET participants meeting DSM-IV criteria for PTSD dropped to 58.3% (n = 7 of 12) at post-test (p = 0.06) and to 25% (n = 3 of 12) at follow-up (p = 0.004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    ANOVA revealed a significant main effect for the severity score [Wilks' Lambda = 0.65, F(2,23) = 6.30; p < 0.01, eta-squared = 0.35].

    “The results of an ANOVA revealed a significant main effect for the severity score [Wilks' A = 0.65, F(2,23) = 6.30; p < 0.01, 1)2 = 0.35]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In the IPT group, diagnostic criteria for PTSD were met by 71.4% (n = 10 of 14) at both assessments (n.s.).

    “In the IPT group, diagnostic criteria for PTSD were met by 71.4% (n = 10 of 14) at both assessments (n.s.).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 30
  • May combine two claims. 27

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingreasoning

    The remaining 26 who met criteria for chronic PTSD were offered participation in the treatment trial.

    “The remaining (n = 26) who met the criteria for chronic PTSD were offered participation in the treatment trial.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Of the initial 40, 27 could be relocated and reassessed approximately 6 months later.

    “Of the initial40, 27 could be relocated and reassessed approximately 6 months later to assess the chronicity and stability of symptoms of PTSD and depression (pre-test, fig.1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There were no significant changes between baseline and pre-test in PTSD diagnosis, CAPS severity score, depression score, Hamilton score, MDE, and guilt score.

    “There were no significant changes between baseline and pre-test in PTSD diagnosis, in the CAPS severity score, depression score, Hamilton score, MDE, and the guilt score.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Of the 27 traumatized youth, only 1 male CHH orphan no longer fulfilled the PTSD criteria at pre-test.

    “Of the 27 traumatized youth, only 1 male CHH orphan no longer fulfilled the PTSD criteria at pretest.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The groups did not differ at post-test, but at follow-up NET participants scored significantly lower on the severity score than IPT participants when controlling for pre-test scores.

    “The groups did not differ at post-test, but at follow-up NET participants scored significantly lower on the severity score than IPT participants when controlling for pre-test scores (table 2;”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    At post-test, NET participants showed a significant reduction in severity of PTSD symptoms, although a similar improvement was found in the IPT group.

    “At post-test, NET participants showed a significant reduction in the severity of PTSD symptoms, although a similar improvement was found in the IPT group.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Even though IPT participants did not display a continuing decline in depressive symptoms from post-test to follow-up, they still maintained their post-test results.

    “Even though IPT participants did not display a continuing decline in depressive symptoms from post-test to follow-up, it is remarkable that they still maintained their post-test results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    At follow-up, NET participants were significantly more improved than IPT participants with respect to both the severity of symptoms of PTSD and depression.

    “At follow-up, NET participants were significantly more improved than IPT participants with respect to both the severity of symptoms of PTSD and depression.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The sample consisted of people with chronic PTSD, and there were no dropouts.

    “Our sample consisted of people with chronic PTSD, and there were no dropouts; thus, the chronicity of symptoms observed during baseline and the mar ked drop from pretest to follow-up were unlikely to be due to the mere passage of time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the IPT group, depression and Hamilton scores changed significantly across the assessment periods.

    “Similarly, analyses of the IPT group revealed a significant change in the depression score and the Hamilton score across the assessment periods [Wilks' A = 0.59, F(2,12) = 4.22; p < 0.05, '12 = 0.41, Wilks' A = 0.55, F(2,12) = 4.91; p < 0.05, '12 = 0.45, respectively].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    NET, but not IPT, produced a remediation in guilt cognitions.

    “NET, but not IPT, produced a remediation in guilt cognitions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Whereas the NET group showed a continuous decline in PTSD symptoms, the IPT group showed only a short-term decline that did not persist in the long term.

    “Whereas the NET group showed a continuous decline in PTSD symptoms, the IPT group showed only a short-term decline that did not persist in the long term.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    At 6-month follow-up, only 25% of NET, but 71% of IPT participants still fulfilled PTSD criteria.

    “At 6-month follow-up, only 25% of NET, but 71% of IPT participants still fulfilled PTSD criteria.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    At post-test, there were no significant between-group differences in depression score or Hamilton score.

    “At post-test, there were no significant between-group differences in depression score or Hamilton score.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the NET group, depression and Hamilton scores changed significantly across time.

    “In the NET group the repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant change in the depression score and Hamilton score across time [Wilks' A = 0.57, F(2,1O) = 6.55; p < 0.05, '12 = 0.57, Wilks' A = 0.25, F(2,1O) = 14.90;P < 0.01, '12 = 0.75, respectively].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    At 6-month follow-up, posttraumatic stress had further resolved in NET participants, whereas symptoms had remained or reappeared in IPT participants.

    “At 6-month follow-up, however, indications of posttraumatic stress had further resolved in NET participants, whereas symptoms had remained or even reappeared in IPT participants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    At follow-up, the two treatment conditions differed significantly on depression and Hamilton scores, with the NET group achieving significantly greater symptom reduction.

    “However, the 2 treatment conditions differed significantly on these scores at follow-up.For both measures, the NET group achieved a significantly greater symptom reduction (table 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the NET group, Hamilton score displayed a significant change from pre-test to post-test that was maintained at follow-up.

    “The Hamilton score displayed a significant change from pre-test to post-test that was maintained at follow-up [t(l1) = 2.99, P = 0.Q2, t(l1) = 5.73, P < 0.001, respectively] .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Narrative exposure therapy (NET) was developed as a standardized short-term approach to the treatment of PTSD resulting from prolonged, severe, and/or multiple exposure to trauma, conditions typical for organized violence.

    “Narrative exposure ther- apy (NET) [1, manual in 2] was developed as a standardized short-term approach to the treatment of the PTSD that results from prolonged, severe, and/or multiple exposure to trauma, conditions that are typical for organized violence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1, manual in 2]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    After each IPT session, a treatment protocol was registered to guarantee focus on the interpersonal problem areas.

    “After each IPT session, a treatment protocol was registered to guarantee focus on the interpersonal problem areas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Participants were specifically instructed by therapists not to inform interviewers about their treatment group assignments.

    “Participants were specifically instructed by therapists not to inform the interviewers about their treatment group assignments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale had alpha 0.87.

    “Scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ranged from Oto 63 (a = 0.87).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Treatment was based on manuals that specified precise treatment guidelines.

    “Treatment was based on manuals that specified precise treatment guidelines.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Cronbach's alpha on the CAPS severity score for this study was 0.93.

    “Cronbach's a on the CAPS severity score for this study was 0.93.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a time-limited therapy originally developed for individual treatment of major depression.

    “Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a time-limited therapy that was originally developed for individual treatment of major depression [3,4] .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [3] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [4] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    For the duration of the study, none of the participants received any concurrent psychotherapeutic, psychopharmacological or psychosocial intervention.

    “For the duration of the study, none of the participants received any concurrent psychotherapeutic, psychopharmacological or psychosocial intervention.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    IPT is a feasible and acceptable treatment approach for depressed adolescents, delivered individually or in a group format.

    “IPT is also a feasible and acceptable treatment approach for depressed adolescents, either delivered individually [5,6] or in a group format [7] .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [5] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    All participants finished treatment and were reinterviewed 3 months (post-test) and 6 months (follow-up) after therapy.

    “All participants finished treatment and were reinterviewed 3 months (post-test) and 6 months (follow-up) after therapy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The assumption of homogeneity of variance was tested using the Levene test at a significance level of p > 0.05.

    “The assumption of homogeneity of variance was tested using the Levene test at a significance level of p > 0.05.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Participants from the CHH were randomly assigned to either NET or group IPT.

    “Participants from the CHH were randomly assigned to either NET or group IPT.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used to determine normal distribution.

    “Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used to determine normal distribution, and are assured if not othenvise specified.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisereasoning

    NET can only be conducted individually because the specific memory of the survivor needs to be activated.

    “NET can only be conducted individually as the specific memory of the survivor needs to be activated”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Each of the therapists treated patients in both conditions.

    “Each of the therapists treated patients in both conditions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Because of the large number of losses of loved ones during the genocide, NET was adapted to meet the needs of survivors and integrated a grief module in addition to the standard protocol.

    “Because ofthe large number oflosses ofloved ones that had been experienced during the genocide, we adapted NET to meet the needs of survivors and integrated a grief module in addition to the standard protocol.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The significance level was Bonferroni corrected to an alpha of 0.025 because 2 calculations were carried out for each measure.

    “As 2 calculations were carried out for each measure, the significance level was Bonferroni corrected to an a of 0.025.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The MINI depression score had alpha approximately 0.81.

    “The depression score included the sum of the identified symptoms using the MINI and ranged from 0 to 9 (a ~ 0.81).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    All interviewers were unaware of which treatment condition participants had received, confirmed by discussions with raters after interviews.

    “In fact, all interviewers were unaware of which treatment condition participants had received.This was confirmed by discussions with the raters after the interviews had been completed.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Weekly meetings were arranged to supervise the quality of treatments.

    “Weekly meetings were arranged to supervise the quality of treatments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    No youth met any exclusion criteria, which included mental retardation, psychotic symptoms, or current drug or alcohol abuse.

    “No youth met any of the exclusion criteria, which included mental retardation, psychotic symptoms, or current drug or alcohol abuse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The efficacy of NET and group IPT in resource-poor countries has been demonstrated in randomized controlled studies.

    “The efficacy of NET [1,9,10] and group IPT [11,12] in resource-poor countries has been demonstrated in randomized controlled studies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [1] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [9] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [10] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [11] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    On average, therapists spent the same amount of time in conducting both treatment conditions.

    “On average, therapists spent the same amount of time in conducting both the treatment conditions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    It is probable that the similar experiences of the orphans increased interest, understanding and openness within the group.

    “It is probable that the similar experiences of the orphans increased interest, understanding and openness within the group.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Treatment of traumatized survivors may eventually break the cycle of violence because such an intervention includes the facilitation of forgiveness and reconciliation within the community.

    “Additionally, the treatment of traumatized survivors may eventually break the cycle ofviolence because such an intervention includes the facilitation of forgiveness and reconciliation within the community [17].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study did not include a no-treatment group or a wait list control group.

    “The study did not include a no-treatment group or a wait list control group.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    A treatment combination of NET and guided mourning may improve the mental well-being of many victims of organized violence, as trauma and loss often coincide in this population.

    “A treatment combination of NET and guided mourning may improve the mental well-being of many victims of organized violence, as trauma and loss often coincide in this population.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Trauma and loss often coincide in victims of organized violence.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The study did not test inter-rater reliability.

    “We did not test inter-rater reliability as all raters were clinical experts with long-term diagnostic experience, and all had been trained in the same clinical setting.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There are a number of studies that demonstrate that exposure therapy, and in particular NET, leads to reductions in depression symptoms, and that such improvements are still maintained 9-12 months after therapy.

    “There are a number of studies that demonstrate that exposure therapy [24,25,27,30]' and in particular NET [15], leads to reductions in depression symptoms, and that such improvements are still maintained 9-12 months after therapy [15,24,25].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [24]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [25]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [27]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [30]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [15] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The sample size was modest, a factor that does not lead to confident estimates of effect size.

    “The sample size was modest, a factor that does not lead to confident estimates of effect size.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The efficacy of group IPT has been reported in other studies for the treatment of adults and in a pilot study with adolescents.

    “The efficacy of group IPT has been reported in other studies for the treatment of adults [11,12], as well as in a pilot study with adolescents [7].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [11] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    All interviewers carried out interviews for both treatment conditions.

    “Additionally, all interviewers carried out interviews for both treatment conditions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Several previous studies have shown that exposure-based interventions are effective in reducing PTSD symptoms.

    “Several previous studies have also shown that exposure-based interventions are effective in reducing PTSD symptoms [e.g.[24][25][26][27][28].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24][25][26][27][28]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Group IPT seems well suited to this orphaned sample because all participants had experienced similar events during the genocide.

    “Group IPT seems also well suited to this orphaned sample, since all participants had experienced similar events during the genocide.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: For orphans, presenting issues such as mistrust, low self-esteem, discomfort expressing feelings, isolation and loneliness play a central role.
52 of 52

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Appropriate interventions for the treatment of traumatic stress in survivors of organized violence remain a challenge, and treatment trials in resource-poor countries are rare.

    “The application of appropriate interventions for the treatment of traumatic stress in survivors of organized violence, however, remains a challenge and treatment trials in resource-poor countries are rare.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The large numbers of traumatized victims in war-affected areas and limited resources require that any intervention be brief and pragmatic.

    “The large numbers of traumatized victims in war-affected areas and limited resources require that any intervention be brief and pragmatic.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The sample of Rwandan genocide orphans with chronic PTSD is representative of traumatized survivors who have lost loved ones, so the efficacy of NET generalizes to that wider population.

    “Individual NET in combination with group-based mourning comprises an effective treatment for traumatized survivors who have to bear the loss of loved ones and have been suffering from symptoms of PTSD and depression.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    For orphans, presenting issues such as mistrust, low self-esteem, discomfort expressing feelings, isolation and loneliness play a central role.

    “For orphans, presenting issues such as mistrust, low self-esteem, discomfort expressing feelings, as well as isolation and loneliness play a central role.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Trauma and loss often coincide in victims of organized violence.

    “as trauma and loss often coincide in this population.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The large number of traumatized youth in Rwanda and limited resources require that any intervention be brief and pragmatic and easy for local personnel to learn.

    “The large number of traumatized youth in Rwanda and limited resources require that any intervention be brief and pragmatic and easy for local personnel to learn, even with little or no previous access to medical or psychological education.”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Consistentt(13) = 2.27reported p = .04 · recomputed p = .041

    “t(13) = 2.27, p = .04”

  • Consistentt(13) = 3.02reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .010

    “t(13) = 3.02, p = .01”

  • Consistentz = -2.81reported p = .005 · recomputed p = .005

    “(z = -2.81,p = .005”

  • Consistentz = -2.09reported p = .036 · recomputed p = .037

    “z = -2.09,p = .036”

  • ConsistentF(1, 23) = 3.44reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .077

    “F(I,23) = 3.44, p < .05”

    The paper states a one-tailed test

  • Consistentt(23) = -1.85reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .077

    “t(23) = -1.85,p < .05”

    The paper states a one-tailed test

6 of 6

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Depression interaction reports an incompatible Wilks' lambda

    Major

    For this two-group, three-assessment interaction, the reported effect size should equal 1 minus Wilks' lambda. A lambda of 0.23 gives 0.77, not the reported 0.23; the reported F statistic also does not fit a lambda of 0.23.

    Reported 0.23 · recomputed 0.77

  • NET depression time effect reports an incompatible Wilks' lambda

    Minor

    The reported effect size of 0.57 should equal 1 minus Wilks' lambda for this analysis. The stated lambda of 0.57 instead gives an effect size of 0.43.

    Reported 0.57 · recomputed 0.43

  • Abstract overlooks a reported post-test guilt difference

    Minor

    The abstract says there were no significant post-test group differences on any examined outcome, but the results report a significant post-test difference in guilt score.

  • Claim about post-test effect sizes conflicts with the depression table

    Minor

    The paper says NET had larger post-test effect sizes on depression measures, but Table 1 gives a smaller pre-to-post effect size for NET than IPT on the MINI depression score: 0.12 versus 0.28.

  • Discussion claims post-test PTSD superiority absent from results

    Minor

    The discussion says NET's superiority on PTSD diagnosis and severity was supported at post-test and follow-up. The results instead report no post-test difference between groups on either PTSD diagnosis or severity.

5 of 5

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. 10.1007%2fbf02105408 · DOI · Paper page
  2. 10.1037%2f%2f0022-006x.67.1.13 · DOI

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Schaal, S., Elbert, T., & Neuner, F.
Affiliations
  • University of Konstanz (DE)
  • Bielefeld University (DE)
ORCID
Venue
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
Publisher
S. Karger AG
Published
2009
Volume
78
Issue
5
Pages
298-306
ISSN
  • 0033-3190 (ISSN-L)
  • 1423-0348
DOI
10.1159/000229768
OpenAlex
W1992948528
Cited by
168
References
31
Citations by year
2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 12
FWCI
16.22
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion)
  • PUB – Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University) (submittedVersion)
  • Publikationen an der Universität Bielefeld (Universität Bielefeld) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords
narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, group therapy, trauma treatment, loss of a loved one
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Homicide, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Pilot Projects, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotherapy, Psychotherapy, Group, Rwanda, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Treatment Outcome, Narration, Child, Orphaned, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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