The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 65 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia are considered risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Evidence suggests that postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia induce endothelial dysfunction and inflammation through oxidative stress. Statins and angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers have been shown to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, improving endothelial function. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty type 2 diabetic patients ate 3 different test meals: a high-fat meal, 75 g glucose alone, and a high-fat meal plus glucose. Glycemia, triglyceridemia, endothelial function, nitrotyrosine, C-reactive protein, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and interleukin-6 were assayed during the tests. Subsequently, diabetics took atorvastatin 40 mg/d, irbesartan 300 mg/d, both, or placebo for 1 week. The 3 tests were performed again between 5 and 7 days after the start of each treatment. High-fat load and glucose alone produced a decrease in endothelial function and increases in nitrotyrosine, C-reactive protein, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and interleukin-6. These effects were more pronounced when high-fat load and glucose were combined. Short-term atorvastatin and irbesartan treatments significantly counterbalanced these phenomena, and their combination was more effective than either therapy alone. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms an independent and cumulative effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on endothelial function and inflammation, suggesting oxidative stress as a common mediator of such an effect. Short-term treatment with atorvastatin and irbesartan may counterbalance this phenomenon; the combination of the 2 compounds is most effective.
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25 Not checked yet · 19 Own result · 8 Own interpretation · 4 Own method · 3 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“endothelial dysfunction and inflammation during both postprandial hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia are accompanied by a significant NT increase”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] 13. Ceriello A, Quagliaro L, Piconi L, Assaloni R, Da Ros R, Maier A, Esposito K, Giugliano D. Effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on circulating adhesion molecules and oxidative stress generation and the possible role of simvastatin treatment. Diabetes. 2004; 53:701-710. source
- Partly supportedcites [15] 15. Ceriello A, Taboga C, Tonutti L, Quagliaro L, Piconi L, Bais B, Da Ros R, Motz E. Evidence for an independent and cumulative effect of post- prandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on endothelial dys- function and oxidative stress generation: effects of short-and long-term simvastatin treatment. Circulation. 2002;106:1211-1218. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that a high-fat load and a glucose challenge each reduced endothelial function while nitrotyrosine (NT) increased; the Discussion says NT rose with hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, alone or combined. The paper does not report inflammation accompanying these changes, so that part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“At the same time, the protective effect of acute AT-1 receptor blockers on endothelial dysfunction has also been described.47,48”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [47] 47. Nickenig G, Stablein A, Wassmann S, Wyen C, Muller C, Bohm M. Acute effects of ACE inhibition on coronary endothelial dysfunction. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2000;1:361-364. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (p. 363) report that short-term losartan pretreatment was associated with less microvascular endothelial dysfunction (22% versus 75%). Macrovascular function was comparable between groups, however, so the claim overgeneralizes the protective effect of acute AT-1 receptor blockade. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked yetcites [48] 48. Prasad A, Tupas-Habib T, Schenke WH, Mincemoyer R, Panza JA, Waclawin MA, Ellahham S, Quyyumi AA. Acute and chronic angioten- sin-1 receptor antagonism reverses endothelial dysfunction in atheroscle- rosis. Circulation. 2000;101:2349 -2354.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“On the other hand, evidence for the possibility of obtaining a more marked effect on endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress by combining statins with the inhibition of angiotensin II system or blocking AT-1 recep- tors is emerging.[41][42][43][44]”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [41] 41. Koh KK, Son JW, Ahn JY, Kim DS, Jin DK, Kim HS, Han SH, Seo YH, Chung WJ, Kang WC, Shin EK. Simvastatin combined with ramipril treatment in hypercholesterolemic patients. Hypertension. 2004;44: 180 -185. source
The Abstract (page not provided) reports that simvastatin plus ramipril improved flow-mediated dilation and reduced markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in hypercholesterolemic patients. The Discussion (page not provided) says the combination had greater effects than simvastatin alone on these measures. This supports the citing sentence’s hedged claim about emerging evidence for combining a statin with angiotensin II system inhibition; this trial tested an ACE inhibitor, not AT-1 receptor blockade. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked yetcites [42] 42. Nomura S, Shouzu A, Omoto S, Nishikawa M, Iwasaka T. Effects of losartan and simvastatin on monocyte-derived microparticles in hyper- tensive patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2004;10:133-141. source
- Partly supportedcites [43] 43. Qin J, Zhang Z, Liu J, Sun L, Hu L, Cooper ME, Cao Z. Effects of the combination of an angiotensin II antagonist with an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor in experimental diabetes. Kidney Int. 2003;64:565-571. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports that losartan plus simvastatin improved renal function more than either drug alone in diabetic rats. It does not report greater improvement in endothelial dysfunction or oxidative stress; the Discussion says the combination did not further reduce TGF-β1 expression, and the Abstract reports no added benefit for VEGF expression. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
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In the paper
“NT, C-reactive protein, ICAM-1, and IL-6 concentration changed during the studies; those variations were opposite those of FMD (PϽ0.05 versus baseline; Figure 1).”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“whereas triglycerides remained unchanged during the 75-g glucose challenge alone (Figure 1).”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Short-term irbesartan treatment, alone or in combination, had no effect on lipid parameters or blood pressure in diabetic patients (Table 2).”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“They also show that short-term treatment with atorvastatin and irbesartan may counterbalance this phenomenon”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
“Our data provide evidence for the efficacy of both statins and AT-1 receptor blockers during short-term administration.”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with preprandial values, serum triglycerides were increased from 1 to 4 hours (PϽ0.05versus baseline; Figure 1) during the high-fat meal and the high-fat meal plus 75 g glucose.”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Endothelium-independent vasodilation was not affected during the studies (data not shown).”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Such treatment was also able to reduce the effects on endothelial function and NT, C-reactive protein, ICAM-,1 and IL-6 observed during every test (PϽ0.05versus placebo; Figures 2 through 4).”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, our data confirm that in diabetic patients postprandial hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia have a damaging effect on endothelial function, producing oxidative stress and inflammation.”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Baseline glycemia, HbA1c, triglycerides, NT, C-reactive protein, ICAM-1, and IL-6 were increased in diabetic patients, whereas FMD was reduced (Table 1).”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The combination of high-fat and glucose load, ie, test 3, produced a decrease in FMD and increases in NT, C-reactive protein, ICAM-1, and IL-6 (PϽ0.05 versus baseline; Figure 1), even more pronounced than with either nutrient alone (PϽ0.05; Figure 1).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“These effects were more pronounced when high-fat load and glucose were combined.”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Glycemia increased at 1, 2, and 3 hours in diabetics during the 75-g glucose challenge and the high-fat meal plus 75 g glucose (PϽ0.05versus baseline; Figure 1)”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such treatment was able to reduce the effect on endothelial function, NT, C-reactive protein, ICAM-1, and IL-6 observed during every test, even though postprandial hypertriglyceridemia was not affected (PϽ0.05versus placebo; Figures 2 through 4).”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Short-term combination therapy produced a more marked improvement in all the studied parameters both in basal conditions and during each test compared with the single treatments (Figures 2 through 4).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Short-term atorvastatin and irbesartan treatments significantly counterbalanced these phenomena, and their combination was more effective than either therapy alone.”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High-fat load alone produced a decrease in FMD and increases in NT, C-reactive protein, ICAM-1, and IL-6 from 1 to 4 hours (PϽ0.05versus baseline; Figure 1).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“High-fat load and glucose alone produced a decrease in endothelial function and increases in nitrotyrosine, C-reactive protein, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and interleukin-6.”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, as with atorvastatin treatment, significant improvements in basal FMD, NT, C-reactive protein, ICAM-1, and IL-6 were observed (Table 2).”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“with the combination of the 2 compounds being more effective.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“Because they work through different ways, it seems true that by combining the 2 compounds the effect on oxidative stress can be amplified, as demonstrated by our data.”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, significant improvements in basal FMD, NT, C-reactive protein, ICAM-1, and IL-6 were observed (Table 2).”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Evidence that an acute increase in glycemia simultaneously induces an increase in nitrotyrosine (NT) and endothelial dysfunction in healthy subjects 14”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] 14. Marfella R, Quagliaro L, Nappo F, Ceriello A, Giugliano D. Acute hyperglycemia induces an oxidative stress in healthy subjects. J Clin Invest. 2001;108:635-636. Letter. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, recent studies demonstrate both an independent and a cumulative effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on endothelial function, with oxidative stress the common mediator.”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] 13. Ceriello A, Quagliaro L, Piconi L, Assaloni R, Da Ros R, Maier A, Esposito K, Giugliano D. Effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on circulating adhesion molecules and oxidative stress generation and the possible role of simvastatin treatment. Diabetes. 2004; 53:701-710. source
- Not checked yetcites [15] 15. Ceriello A, Taboga C, Tonutti L, Quagliaro L, Piconi L, Bais B, Da Ros R, Motz E. Evidence for an independent and cumulative effect of post- prandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on endothelial dys- function and oxidative stress generation: effects of short-and long-term simvastatin treatment. Circulation. 2002;106:1211-1218. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In previous studies, the possibility of preventing hyperglycemia-and hypertriglyceridemia-induced endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress with short-term treatment with statin has been reported.”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] 13. Ceriello A, Quagliaro L, Piconi L, Assaloni R, Da Ros R, Maier A, Esposito K, Giugliano D. Effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on circulating adhesion molecules and oxidative stress generation and the possible role of simvastatin treatment. Diabetes. 2004; 53:701-710. source
- Not checked yetcites [15] 15. Ceriello A, Taboga C, Tonutti L, Quagliaro L, Piconi L, Bais B, Da Ros R, Motz E. Evidence for an independent and cumulative effect of post- prandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on endothelial dys- function and oxidative stress generation: effects of short-and long-term simvastatin treatment. Circulation. 2002;106:1211-1218. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Statins and angiotensin type 1 (AT-1) receptor blockers are widely used in preventing CVD and diabetic complications, and it has been suggested that many of their ancillary effects are due to strong intracellular antioxidant activity.”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] 18. Mason RP, Walter MF, Jacob RF. Effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhib- itors on endothelial function: role of microdomains and oxidative stress. Circulation. 2004;109(suppl II):II-34 -II-41. source
- Not checked yetcites [19] 19. Ceriello A, Motz E. Angiotensin-receptor blockers, type 2 diabetes, and renoprotection. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:705-707. Letter. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Statins and angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers have been shown to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, improving endothelial function.”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] 13. Ceriello A, Quagliaro L, Piconi L, Assaloni R, Da Ros R, Maier A, Esposito K, Giugliano D. Effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on circulating adhesion molecules and oxidative stress generation and the possible role of simvastatin treatment. Diabetes. 2004; 53:701-710. source
- Not checked yetcites [15] 15. Ceriello A, Taboga C, Tonutti L, Quagliaro L, Piconi L, Bais B, Da Ros R, Motz E. Evidence for an independent and cumulative effect of post- prandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on endothelial dys- function and oxidative stress generation: effects of short-and long-term simvastatin treatment. Circulation. 2002;106:1211-1218. source
- Not checked yetcites [17] 17. Ceriello A, Assaloni R, Da Ros R, Maier A, Quagliaro L, Piconi L, Esposito K, Giugliano D. Effect of irbesartan on nitrotyrosine generation in non-hypertensive diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 2004;47:1535-1540. source
- Not checked yetcites [18] 18. Mason RP, Walter MF, Jacob RF. Effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhib- itors on endothelial function: role of microdomains and oxidative stress. Circulation. 2004;109(suppl II):II-34 -II-41. source
- Not checked yetcites [19] 19. Ceriello A, Motz E. Angiotensin-receptor blockers, type 2 diabetes, and renoprotection. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:705-707. Letter. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The production of oxidative stress in such conditions may involve the overgeneration of superoxide anion (O 2 Ϫ ) at the mitochondrial level, which in turn inactivates nitric oxide (NO), producing peroxynitrite, a potent long-lived oxidant.”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] 16. Ceriello A, Motz E. Is oxidative stress the pathogenic mechanism underlying insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease? The common soil hypothesis revisited. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004; 24:816 -823. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“It is noteworthy that all the studied parameters-endothelial dysfunction, 49 NT, 50 C-reactive protein, 51 IL-6, 51 and ICAM-1 51 -have been shown to be independent predictors of CVD.”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] 49. Landmesser U, Hornig B, Drexler H. Endothelial function: a critical determinant in atherosclerosis? Circulation. 2004;109(suppl II): II-27-II-33. source
- Not checked yetcites [50] 50. Shishehbor MH, Aviles RJ, Brennan ML, Fu X, Goormastic M, Pearce GL, Gokce N, Keaney JF Jr, Penn MS, Sprecher DL, Vita JA, Hazen SL. Association of nitrotyrosine levels with cardiovascular disease and mod- ulation by statin therapy. JAMA. 2003;289:1675-1680. source
- Not checked yetcites [51] 51. Rackley CE. New clinical markers predictive of cardiovascular disease: the role of inflammatory mediators. Cardiol Rev. 2004;12:151-157. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This study confirms that in diabetic patients both postprandial hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia have an independent and cumulative effect in favoring endothelial dysfunction accompanied by generation of oxidative stress and inflammation.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
“study confirms an independent and cumulative effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on endothelial function and inflammation, suggesting oxidative stress as a common mediator of such an effect.”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] 10. Nappo F, Esposito K, Cioffi M, Giugliano G, Molinari AM, Paolisso G, Marfella R, Giugliano D. Postprandial endothelial activation in healthy subjects and in type 2 diabetic patients: role of fat and carbohydrate meals. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:1145-1150. source
- Not checked yetcites [12] 12. Anderson RA, Evans ML, Ellis GR, Graham J, Morris K, Jackson SK, Lewis MJ, Rees A, Frenneaux MP. The relationship between post- prandial lipaemia, endothelial function and oxidative stress in healthy individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 2001;154: 475-483. source
- Not checked yetcites [13] 13. Ceriello A, Quagliaro L, Piconi L, Assaloni R, Da Ros R, Maier A, Esposito K, Giugliano D. Effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on circulating adhesion molecules and oxidative stress generation and the possible role of simvastatin treatment. Diabetes. 2004; 53:701-710. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The high-fat meal and the 75 g glucose challenge reproduce the postprandial metabolic state relevant to diabetic patients' daily lives.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even for irbesartan, the results are not linked to the blood pressure-lowering effect and are obtained after a short-term treatment.”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Interestingly, the ability of irbesartan to reduce the proteinuria independently from its blood pressure-lowering action has also been confirmed in a study with an ad hoc design, 27”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] 27. Sasso FC, Carbonara O, Persico M, Iafusco D, Salvatore T, D'Ambrosio R, Torella R, Cozzolino D. Irbesartan reduces the albumin excretion rate in microalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients independently of hyper- tension. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:1909 -1913. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All diabetic patients were randomly assigned to take placebo or atorvastatin 40 mg/d, irbesartan 300 mg/d, or atorvastatin 40 mg/d plus irbesartan 300 mg/d for 7 days.”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, superoxide generation at the mitochondrial level is probably only the first, perhaps the most important, source of free radicals in the conditions described above.”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Statins and AT-1 receptor blockers protect endothelial function and reduce inflammation in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects, and these effects are convincingly mediated through their intracellular antioxidant activity.”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] 18. Mason RP, Walter MF, Jacob RF. Effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhib- itors on endothelial function: role of microdomains and oxidative stress. Circulation. 2004;109(suppl II):II-34 -II-41. source
- Not checked yetcites [19] 19. Ceriello A, Motz E. Angiotensin-receptor blockers, type 2 diabetes, and renoprotection. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:705-707. Letter. source
- Not checked yetcites [20] 20. Ceriello A. New insights on oxidative stress and diabetic complications may lead to a "causal" antioxidant therapy. Diabetes Care. 2003;26: 1589 -1596. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The action of atorvastatin is reasonably due to its ancillary properties, being evident after short-term administration, which does not influence the lipid profile, either fasting or postprandial.”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Endothelial function was evaluated by measuring the flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) of the brachial artery.”
- Also stated in: § Endothelial Function · boosted
“The validity of this method has been confirmed in previous studies.24,25”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Endothelial Function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] 24. Corretti MC, Plotnick GD, Vogel RA. Technical aspects of evaluating brachial artery endothelium-dependent vasodilation using high frequency ultrasound. Am J Physiol. 1995;268:H1397-H1404.
- Not checked yetcites [25] 25. Ramsey MW, Goodfellow J, Jones CJ, Luddington LA, Lewis MJ, Hen- derson AH. Endothelial control of arterial distensibility is impaired in chronic heart failure. Circulation. 1995;92:3212-3219.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Endothelial Function · boosted
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subsequently, a double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study was started.”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Diabetic patients ate, in randomized order, 3 different menus on 3 different days”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our study, the interobserver variability for the repeated measurements of resting arterial diameter was 0.04Ϯ0.02mm.The intraobserver variability for the repeated measurements of resting arterial diameter was 0.02Ϯ0.02mm.”
§ Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients > Endothelial Function
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The high-fat meal and the 75 g glucose challenge reproduce the postprandial metabolic state relevant to diabetic patients' daily lives.
“Diabetic patients ate, in randomized order, 3 different menus on 3 different days: test 1, a high-fat meal; test 2, 75 g glucose alone; and test 3, a high-fat meal plus 75 g glucose.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The subjects kept to their usual diets throughout the study.
“All subjects were recommended to consume their habitual diets during the entire study period.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Excessive ingestion of calorie-dense, easily digestible foods causes abnormal surges in blood glucose and triglyceride levels (11)(12)(13).”
From Dietary Strategies for Improving Post-Prandial Glucose, Lipids, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Health (2008) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Post-prandial hyperlipemia, manifest as elevated levels of triglycerides, chylomicrons, and remnant lipoproteins, causes oxidative stress and inflammation, and independently potentiates the adverse effects of post-prandial hyperglycemia (13).”
From Dietary Strategies for Improving Post-Prandial Glucose, Lipids, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Health (2008) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In line with this, it has recently been shown that ageing (two groups with a mean age of 77•9 and 102•5 years, respectively v. a group with a mean age of 43•5 years) is characterised by a profound reduction in anti-inflammatory lipoxin A 4 levels (183) .”
From Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [183]
Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ceriello, A., Assaloni, R., Da Ros, R., Maier, A., Piconi, L., Quagliaro, L., Esposito, K., & Giugliano, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Udine (IT)
- From the Department of Pathology and Medicine, Experimental and Clinical, Chair of Internal Medicine, University of Udine, Udine (A.C., R.A., R.D.R., A.M.); Morpurgo-Hofman Research Laboratory on Aging, Udine (L.P., L.Q.); and Department of Geriatric and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples, Naples (K.E., D.G.), Italy.
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2005-05-17
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 2518-2524
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- OpenAlex
- W2122166221
- Cited by
- 298
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 15.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (University of Udine) (submittedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Keywords
- atorvastatin, irbesartan, combination therapy, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, type 2 diabetes, postprandial hypertriglyceridemia, postprandial hyperglycemia, high-fat meal, nitrotyrosine, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, ICAM-1, statins, angiotensin receptor blockers
- MeSH terms
- Atorvastatin, Irbesartan, Anticholesteremic Agents, Biphenyl Compounds, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Drug Therapy, Combination, Endothelium, Vascular, Female, Heptanoic Acids, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Inflammation, Male, Middle Aged, Pyrroles, Tetrazoles, Hypertriglyceridemia, Case-Control Studies, Treatment Outcome, Oxidative Stress, Postprandial Period
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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