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The Transforming Growth Factor-β Superfamily Member Growth-Differentiation Factor-15 Protects the Heart From Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
Abstract
Data from the Women's Health Study show that serum levels of growth-differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), a distant member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, are an independent risk indicator for adverse cardiovascular events. However, the cellular sources, upstream regulators, and functional effects of GDF-15 in the cardiovascular system have not been elucidated. We have identified GDF-15 by cDNA expression array analysis as a gene that is strongly upregulated by nitrosative stress in cultured cardiomyocytes isolated from 1- to 3-day-old rats. GDF-15 mRNA and pro-peptide expression levels were also induced in cardiomyocytes subjected to simulated ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) via NO-peroxynitrite-dependent signaling pathways. GDF-15 was actively secreted into the culture supernatant, suggesting that it might exert autocrine/paracrine effects during I/R. To explore the in vivo relevance of these findings, mice were subjected to transient or permanent coronary artery ligation. Myocardial GDF-15 mRNA and pro-peptide abundance rapidly increased in the area-at-risk after ischemic injury. Similarly, patients with an acute myocardial infarction had enhanced myocardial GDF-15 pro-peptide expression levels. As shown by immunohistochemistry, cardiomyocytes in the ischemic area contributed significantly to the induction of GDF-15 in the infarcted human heart. To delineate the function of GDF-15 during I/R, Gdf-15 gene-targeted mice were subjected to transient coronary artery ligation for 1 hour followed by reperfusion for 24 hours. Gdf-15-deficient mice developed greater infarct sizes and displayed more cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the infarct border zone after I/R compared with wild-type littermates, indicating that endogenous GDF-15 limits myocardial tissue damage in vivo. Moreover, treatment with recombinant GDF-15 protected cultured cardiomyocytes from apoptosis during simulated I/R as shown by histone ELISA, TUNEL/Hoechst staining, and annexin V/propidium iodide fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. Mechanistically, the prosurvival effects of GDF-15 in cultured cardiomyocytes were abolished by phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase inhibitors and adenoviral expression of dominant-negative Akt1 (K179M mutation). In conclusion, our study identifies induction of GDF-15 in the heart as a novel defense mechanism that protects from I/R injury.
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“GDF-15 has also been shown to inhibit apoptosis and inflammation, and protects the heart from injury (36–38).”
From GDF-15 as a Weight Watcher for Diabetic and Non-Diabetic People Treated With Metformin (2020) · cites this paper as [38]
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Kempf, T., Eden, M., Strelau, J., Naguib, M., Willenbockel, C., Tongers, J., Heineke, J., Kotlarz, D., Xu, J., Molkentin, J. D., Niessen, H. W., Drexler, H., & Wollert, K. C.
- Affiliations
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (T.K., M.E., M.N., C.W., J.T., J.H., D.K., H.D., K.C.W.); Department of Neuroanatomy, University of Heidelberg, Germany (J.S.); Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, University of Cincinnati, Ohio (J.X., J.D.M.); and Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (H.W.N.).
- ORCID
- Venue
- Circulation Research
- Published
- 2006-02-17
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 351-360
- ISSN
- 0009-7330 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4571
- OpenAlex
- W2130073289
- Cited by
- 651
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 9.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Circulation Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › GDF15 and Related Biomarkers
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Ischemia and Reperfusion
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
- Keywords
- growth differentiation factor 15, GDF15, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, cardioprotection, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, nitrosative stress, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling, acute myocardial infarction
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Animals, Cells, Cultured, Coronary Vessels, Female, Heart Ventricles, Humans, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Middle Aged, Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, Cytokines, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Ventricular Function, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Apoptosis, Mice, Knockout, Muscle Cells, Mice, Rats, Growth Differentiation Factor 15
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