The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Abandoning M1/M2 for a Network Model of Macrophage Function
Open accessOverview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Although macrophages have traditionally been classified as either classically-activated (M1) or alternatively-activated (M2), it is now recognised that they exist along a continuum of activation states 8 , with M1 and M2 representing the prototypical pro-and anti-inflammatory extremes of this spectrum 9 .”
From Soft tissue-mimicking hydrogel stiffness modulates polarisation of human monocyte-derived macrophages (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Mosmann, T. R., Cherwinski, H. M., Bond, M. W., Giedlin, M. A., & Coffman, R. L. (1986) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.136.7.2348 · Cited by 7,553
Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines
Murray, P. J., Allen, J. E., Biswas, S. K., Fisher, E. A., Gilroy, D. W., Goerdt, S., Gordon, S., Hamilton, J. A., Ivashkiv, L. B., Lawrence, T., et al. (2014) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.008 · Cited by 6,337
Macrophage biology in development, homeostasis and disease
Wynn, T. A., Chawla, A., & Pollard, J. W. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12034 · Cited by 4,684
Macrophages in Tissue Repair, Regeneration, and Fibrosis
Wynn, T. A., & Vannella, K. M. (2016) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.015 · Cited by 4,481
Macrophage plasticity and interaction with lymphocyte subsets: cancer as a paradigm
Biswas, S. K., & Mantovani, A. (2010) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1937 · Cited by 3,840
Complement and microglia mediate early synapse loss in Alzheimer mouse models
Hong, S., Beja-Glasser, V. F., Nfonoyim, B. M., Frouin, A., Li, S., Ramakrishnan, S., Merry, K. M., Shi, Q., Rosenthal, A., Barres, B. A., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad8373 · Cited by 3,343
M-1/M-2 Macrophages and the Th1/Th2 Paradigm
Mills, C. D., Kincaid, K., Alt, J. M., Heilman, M. J., & Hill, A. M. (2000) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.12.6166 · Cited by 3,287
Development of Monocytes, Macrophages, and Dendritic Cells
Geissmann, F., Manz, M. G., Jung, S., Sieweke, M. H., Merad, M., & Ley, K. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1178331 · Cited by 3,049
Nahrendorf, M., Swirski, F. K., Aikawa, E., Stangenberg, L., Wurdinger, T., Figueiredo, J.-L., Libby, P., Weissleder, R., & Pittet, M. J. (2007) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20070885 · Cited by 2,300
Self-citationTranscriptome-Based Network Analysis Reveals a Spectrum Model of Human Macrophage Activation
Xue, J., Schmidt, S. V., Sander, J., Draffehn, A., Krebs, W., Quester, I., De Nardo, D., Gohel, T. D., Emde, M., Schmidleithner, L., et al. (2014) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.01.006 · Cited by 2,210
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–539 of 539
Galili, U., & Schaer, G. L. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27041950
Exploring vagus nerve stimulation in postoperative delirium and dementia
Spicer, R. M., Olofsson, P. S., & Harrison, F. E. (2026) · Bioelectronic Medicine · doi:10.1186/s42234-026-00200-4
Zhang, Z., Zhang, X., Guo, X., Yang, Z., Li, Y., Uzokov, J., D'Oria, M., Li, Y., Hussain, A., Lu, Q., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000004952
МАКРОФАГАЛЬНО-ОПОСЕРЕДКОВАНА РЕГЕНЕРАЦІЯ ТКАНИН: СУЧАСНІ КОНЦЕПЦІЇ ТА ТЕРАПЕВТИЧНІ ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ
Kurchenko, A., Fedoruk, H., Stepanenko, R., & Kurchenko, M. (2026) · Immunology and Allergy Science and Practice · doi:10.37321/immunology.2025.4-03
A call to redefine cardiovascular immunobiology around leukocyte plasticity
Ibrahim, S., Javed, H., Rajab, T. K., & Bagchi, R. A. (2026) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00013.2026
Principles of resident tissue macrophages revealed by the eye
Jacob, E. M., Fortmann, S. D., Shiraki, N., Kim, K. W., Voigt, A. P., Grant, M. B., Stamer, W. D., Liu, K. C., Lavine, J. A., Wieghofer, P., et al. (2026) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/bs.ai.2026.02.001
Radiotherapy and Immune System Interactions Historical Perspectives and Clinical Advancements
Yahia, S., Oweida, A., Bahig, H., & Taussky, D. (2026) · Molecular Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1002/mc.70108 · Cited by 1
Therre, M., Hohl, M., Aghagolzadeh, P., Selejan, S., Lauder, L., Tokcan, M., Markwirth, P., Engler, H., Hübner, U., Müller, A., et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-50195-w
The role of macrophage polarization in cervical cancer and its potential therapeutic targets
Li, F., Tian, G., Ding, Y., Cui, J., Zhu, J., Chang, X., Hu, T., & Wang, Y. (2026) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-026-04424-7
Arango, J. E. Z. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9720260/v1
Barbosa, V. M., Hu, G., Vaidyanathan, S., Akbariromani, H., Justice, S., Madsen, J., Sheikh, A., El‐Chemaly, S., Sholl, L. M., Coppolino, A., et al. (2026) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0000000000005742
Gong, Z., Long, M., Zhang, L., Wang, C., & Liu, W. (2026) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2026.1820619
Zeboudj, L., & Malcangio, M. (2026) · Neurobiology of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ynpai.2026.100219
Sha, L., & Jha, S. (2026) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/bs.ai.2026.04.008
Xianyu, C., Song, Y., Zhao, C., Min, Q., Wang, Z., Zhang, M., & Zhang, B. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.116253
Antifibrotic monocyte activation by nanoparticles resolves murine pulmonary fibrosis
Viola, H., Carter, H. M., Griffin, K., Costa, R. M., McDonald, R. G., Callow, B. W., Santos, F. G. D. L., Panovich, P. M., Carey, S., Martinez, M., et al. (2026) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2026.124388
Wu, S., Xu, W., 姚佳倩, Li, R., Yang, Y., Jin, J., Peng, X., Liu, W., Xu, Z., Mi, A., et al. (2026) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-026-05106-1
Alimohammadi, M., Mirnejad, A. M., Farahani, N., Hedayati, N., & Hushmandi, K. (2026) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-026-06566-x
Li, Z., Ye, Z., Niu, T., Lin, S., Yin, Z., Zhao, F., Zhang, X., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Zhu, X., et al. (2026) · Computer Methods in Biomechanics & Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1080/10255842.2026.2702073
Macrophage-associated noncoding RNAs in atherosclerosis and chronic kidney disease
Jha, P. K., Nascimento, C. B., Lupieri, A., Aikawa, E. R., & Aikawa, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2026.1884576
Bharti, S., Obukhov, A. G., Zafar, S., Saso, L., & Baig, M. S. (2026) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2026.1900076
Amalina, T. N., Alsagaff, H., Sofa, S. L., Shofiyah, S., Sunaryo, B. F., Lova, K., Zakky, A., Febrianto, H., & Azis, R. (2026) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-026-12587-z
Maternal and fetal cellular programs orchestrate pregnancy complications and placental tolerancePreprint
Normand, R., Zapana, P. A. L., Shook, L. L., Han, D., Dannheim, K., Ibanez-Pintor, L. C., Ambrose, C. T., Tuttle, E., Best, R., Liu, Z. A., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.08.16.26360516
The M1/M2 Test System for Determining Macrophage Phenotypes
Surkova, D., Vishnyakova, P., Киселева, В. В., Elchaninov, A. V., & Fatkhudinov, T. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27167488 · Cited by 1
Hadi, J. A., Nizami, Z. N., Noor, A. T., Osman, A. A., & Myers, J. N. (2026) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers18172724
Shen, Y.-Q., Tai, Y., Liu, X.-Z., Li, Y., Zhao, Z.-H., Jin, X.-J., & Ma, J. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15171574
Beyond immunity: macrophage plasticity in vascular regeneration
Huo, S. T., Inoue, T., Robbins, C. S., & Nunes, S. S. (2026) · npj Biomedical Innovations. · doi:10.1038/s44385-026-00114-5
Futongyu, S. U. N., Liu, H., Li, S., Bai, C., Liu, L., Ji, Y., Li, Q., Gu, X., & Liu, T. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18193196
Liver X receptor (LXR) signalling in macrophage inflammation and cardiometabolic disease
Zijlstra, L. F., de Winther, M. P. J., Kooijman, S., Castrillo, A., & Neele, A. E. (2026) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvag214
Yanuck, S. F., & Alexis, N. E. (2026) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1929067
Zhang, C., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox15101344
Bonanni, L., & Ferri, N. (2026) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology15201884
Pan, C., Chen, Z., Li, J., Xie, S., & 范兴恳 (2026) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2026.1904246
The Context‐Dependent Role of Wnt Signaling in Macrophage Cytokine Production
Ullah, A., Mai, N. T. Q., & Moon, B.-S. (2026) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202602372r
O’Rourke, S. A., Gonnella, G., Kronemberger, G. S., Petrousek, S., Hoey, D. A., Dunne, A., & Kelly, D. J. (2026) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A · doi:10.1002/jbm.a.70155
Li, Y., Jiang, H., Shi, J., Qiu, J., Zhang, J., Liu, J., Zhou, Y., Bai, Y., Jiang, J., Jin, Q., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2026.1883296
Metadata
- Authors
- Nahrendorf, M., & Swirski, F. K.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.
- ORCID
- Nahrendorf, Matthias
- Venue
- Circulation Research
- Published
- 2016-07-22
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 414-417
- ISSN
- 0009-7330 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4571
- PMC
- PMC4965179
- OpenAlex
- W2505661818
- Cited by
- 525
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 2.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circulation Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (HL128264)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL117829, R01HL095629, R01HL128264, R01HL096576, R01HL095612)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS084863)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
- Keywords
- macrophage polarization, M1/M2 macrophages, network models, macrophage function, macrophage heterogeneity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Macrophages, Models, Biological, Myocardial Infarction, Macrophage-1 Antigen, Galectin 3
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review