Cited by 136Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchAntioxidant Activity and Oxidative StressNutritional Studies and Diet

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Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Beta Carotene, and Cognitive Function Among Women With or at Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: The Women’s Antioxidant and Cardiovascular Study

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Kang, Jae Hee, Cook, Nancy R., Manson, JoAnn E., Buring, Julie E., Albert, Christine M., Grodstein, Francine·2009·Circulation

DOI 10.1161/circulationaha.108.816900PMC PMC2752297

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Abstract

Background— Cardiovascular factors are associated with cognitive decline. Antioxidants may be beneficial. Methods and Results— The Women’s Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study was a trial of vitamin E (402 mg every other day), beta carotene (50 mg every other day), and vitamin C (500 mg daily) for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. From 1995 to 1996, women ≥40 years of age with cardiovascular disease or ≥3 coronary risk factors were randomized. From 1998 to 1999, a cognitive function substudy was initiated among 2824 participants ≥65 years of age. With 5 cognitive tests, cognition was assessed by telephone 4 times over 5.4 years. The primary outcome was a global composite score averaging all scores; repeated-measures analyses were used to examine cognitive change over time. Vitamin E supplementation and beta carotene supplementation were not associated with slower rates of cognitive change (mean difference in change for vitamin E versus placebo, −0.01; 95% confidence interval, −0.05 to 0.04; P =0.78; for beta carotene, 0.03; 95% confidence interval, −0.02 to 0.07; P =0.28). Although vitamin C supplementation was associated with better performance at the last assessment (mean difference, 0.13; 95% confidence interval, 0.06 to 0.20; P =0.0005), it was not associated with cognitive change over time (mean difference in change, 0.02; 95% confidence interval, −0.03 to 0.07; P =0.39). Vitamin C was more protective against cognitive change among those with new cardiovascular events during the trial ( P for interaction=0.009). Conclusions— Antioxidant supplementation did not slow cognitive change among women with preexisting cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular disease risk factors. A possible late effect of vitamin C or beta carotene among those with low dietary intake on cognition warrants further study.

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Authors: Kang, J. H., Cook, N. R., Manson, J. E., Buring, J. E., Albert, C. M., & Grodstein, F.
Affiliations: Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
ORCID: Kang, Jae Hee
Cook, Nancy R.
Manson, JoAnn E.
Buring, Julie E.
Albert, Christine M.
Grodstein, Francine
Venue: Circulation
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2009-06-02
Volume: 119
Issue: 21
Pages: 2772-2780
ISSN: 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
1524-4539
DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.816900
PMC: PMC2752297
OpenAlex: W2133052971
Cited by: 136
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 8.66
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Circulation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (AG15933, R01AG015933)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL046959, R01HL046959)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords: vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene, antioxidant supplementation, cognitive function, cognitive decline, cardiovascular disease, women, secondary prevention, coronary risk factors
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antioxidants, Ascorbic Acid, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cognition Disorders, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Memory Disorders, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Risk Factors, Vitamin E, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Failure, Oxidative Stress, Neuroprotective Agents, beta Carotene

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Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Beta Carotene, and Cognitive Function Among Women With or at Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: The Women’s Antioxidant and Cardiovascular Study

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