Circulating Very-Long-Chain Saturated Fatty Acids and Incident Coronary Heart Disease in US Men and Women
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Background—: Circulating very-long-chain saturated fatty acids (VLCSFAs) may play an active role in the origin of cardiometabolic diseases. Methods and Results—: We measured 3 VLCSFAs (C20:0, C22:0, and C24:0) in plasma and erythrocytes using gas-liquid chromatography among 794 incident coronary heart disease (CHD) cases who were prospectively identified and confirmed among women in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS; 1990–2006) and among men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS; 1994–2008). A total of 1233 CHD-free controls were randomly selected and matched to cases in these 2 cohorts. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Plasma VLCSFAs were correlated with favorable profiles of blood lipids, C-reactive protein, and adiponectin in the NHS and HPFS and with fasting insulin and C-peptide levels in a nationally representative US comparison population. After multivariate adjustment for lifestyle factors, body mass index, diet, and long-chain n-3 and trans fatty acids, total VLCSFAs in plasma were associated with a 52% decreased risk of CHD (pooled hazard ratio, 0.48; 95% confidence interval, 0.32–0.72, comparing extreme quintiles; P trend <0.0001). For VLCSFAs in erythrocytes, a nonsignificant inverse trend with CHD risk was observed (pooled hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.41–1.06, comparing extreme quintiles; P trend =0.16). Conclusions—: In US men and women, plasma VLCSFAs were independently associated with favorable profiles of blood lipids and other cardiovascular disease risk markers and a lower risk of CHD. Erythrocyte VLCSFAs were associated with nonsignificant trends of lower CHD risk. Future studies are warranted to elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms.
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Palmitic acid (16:0) exhibits in vitro adverse effects; whereas medium-chain (6:0-12:0), odd-chain (15:0, 17:0), and very long-chain (20:0-24:0) saturated fats may have metabolic benefits.
“For instance, palmitic acid (16:0) exhibits in vitro adverse effects; whereas medium-chain (6:0-12:0), odd-chain (15:0, 17:0), and very long-chain (20:0-24:0) saturated fats may have metabolic benefits.61, 338, 339”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [339]
Saturated fat represents a highly heterogeneous category, with fatty acid chain lengths ranging from 6 to 24 carbons, deriving from diverse foods, and possessing dissimilar biology.
“Saturated fat represents a highly heterogeneous category, with fatty acid chain lengths ranging from 6 to 24 carbons, deriving from diverse foods, and possessing dissimilar biology.”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [339]
Palmitic acid (16:0) exhibits in vitro adverse effects; whereas medium-chain (6:0-12:0), odd-chain (15:0, 17:0), and very long-chain (20:0-24:0) saturated fats may have metabolic benefits.
“For instance, palmitic acid (16:0) exhibits in vitro adverse effects; whereas medium-chain (6:0-12:0), odd-chain (15:0, 17:0), and very long-chain (20:0-24:0) saturated fats may have metabolic benefits.61, 338, 339”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [338]
Saturated fat represents a highly heterogeneous category, with fatty acid chain lengths ranging from 6 to 24 carbons, deriving from diverse foods, and possessing dissimilar biology.
“Saturated fat represents a highly heterogeneous category, with fatty acid chain lengths ranging from 6 to 24 carbons, deriving from diverse foods, and possessing dissimilar biology.”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [338]
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- Authors
- Malik, V. S., Chiuve, S. E., Campos, H., Rimm, E. B., Mozaffarian, D., Hu, F. B., & Sun, Q.
- Affiliations
- Tufts University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2015-07-28
- Volume
- 132
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 260-268
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- PMC
- PMC4519378
- OpenAlex
- W1908513419
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 6.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1r01es014433-01a2, 5r01ca049449-18)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL60712, R01HL060712, R01HL035464, R00HL097068, HL35464, R00HL098459, HL-088521, HL34594, R01HL034594, R01HL088521)
- National Cancer Institute (CA-167552, CA-49449, CA-87969, P01CA087969, CA-186107, R01‐CA049449, UM1CA186107, U01CA049449, UM1CA167552, U01CA167552)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01-ES014433)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Keywords
- very long-chain saturated fatty acids, coronary artery disease, plasma fatty acids, erythrocyte fatty acids, serum lipids, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, insulin, C-peptide, cardiovascular risk markers, Nurses' Health Study, Health Professionals Follow-up Study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, C-Reactive Protein, Coronary Disease, Fatty Acids, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Lipids, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, United States, Cohort Studies, Biomarkers, Incidence
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