Differences in the prospective association between individual plasma phospholipid saturated fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: the EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Conflicting evidence exists regarding the association between saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and type 2 diabetes. In this longitudinal case-cohort study, we aimed to investigate the prospective associations between objectively measured individual plasma phospholipid SFAs and incident type 2 diabetes in EPIC-InterAct participants. METHODS: The EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study includes 12,403 people with incident type 2 diabetes and a representative subcohort of 16,154 individuals who were selected from a cohort of 340.234 European participants with 3·99 million person-years of follow-up (the EPIC study). Incident type 2 diabetes was ascertained until Dec 31, 2007, by a review of several sources of evidence. Gas chromatography was used to measure the distribution of fatty acids in plasma phospholipids (mol%); samples from people with type 2 diabetes and subcohort participants were processed in a random order by centre, and laboratory staff were masked to participant characteristics. We estimated country-specific hazard ratios (HRs) for associations per SD of each SFA with incident type 2 diabetes using Prentice-weighted Cox regression, which is weighted for case-cohort sampling, and pooled our findings using random-effects meta-analysis. FINDINGS: SFAs accounted for 46% of total plasma phospholipid fatty acids. In adjusted analyses, different individual SFAs were associated with incident type 2 diabetes in opposing directions. Even-chain SFAs that were measured (14:0 [myristic acid], 16:0 [palmitic acid], and 18:0 [stearic acid]) were positively associated with incident type 2 diabetes (HR [95% CI] per SD difference: myristic acid 1·15 [95% CI 1·09-1·22], palmitic acid 1·26 [1·15-1·37], and stearic acid 1·06 [1·00-1·13]). By contrast, measured odd-chain SFAs (15:0 [pentadecanoic acid] and 17:0 [heptadecanoic acid]) were inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes (HR [95% CI] per 1 SD difference: 0·79 [0·73-0·85] for pentadecanoic acid and 0·67 [0·63-0·71] for heptadecanoic acid), as were measured longer-chain SFAs (20:0 [arachidic acid], 22:0 [behenic acid], 23:0 [tricosanoic acid], and 24:0 [lignoceric acid]), with HRs ranging from 0·72 to 0·81 (95% CIs ranging between 0·61 and 0·92). Our findings were robust to a range of sensitivity analyses. INTERPRETATION: Different individual plasma phospholipid SFAs were associated with incident type 2 diabetes in opposite directions, which suggests that SFAs are not homogeneous in their effects. Our findings emphasise the importance of the recognition of subtypes of these fatty acids. An improved understanding of differences in sources of individual SFAs from dietary intake versus endogenous metabolism is needed. FUNDING: EU FP6 programme, Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, and Cambridge Lipidomics Biomarker Research Initiative.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Dairy fat may have potential benefits for diabetes.
“that dairy fat may have potential benefits for diabetes;59-61”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [61]
In cohorts utilizing objective blood biomarkers, greater dairy fat consumption is associated with lower incidence of diabetes and CHD, with mixed findings for stroke.
“In cohorts utilizing objective blood biomarkers, greater dairy fat consumption is associated with lower incidence of diabetes59-61, 242, 243 and CHD,39, 244, 245 with mixed findings for stroke.246”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [61]
Saturated fat represents a highly heterogeneous category, with fatty acid chain lengths ranging from 6 to 24 carbons, deriving from diverse foods, and possessing dissimilar biology.
“Saturated fat represents a highly heterogeneous category, with fatty acid chain lengths ranging from 6 to 24 carbons, deriving from diverse foods, and possessing dissimilar biology.”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [61]
Palmitic acid (16:0) exhibits in vitro adverse effects; whereas medium-chain (6:0-12:0), odd-chain (15:0, 17:0), and very long-chain (20:0-24:0) saturated fats may have metabolic benefits.
“For instance, palmitic acid (16:0) exhibits in vitro adverse effects; whereas medium-chain (6:0-12:0), odd-chain (15:0, 17:0), and very long-chain (20:0-24:0) saturated fats may have metabolic benefits.61, 338, 339”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [61]
Tissue levels of even-chain saturated fatty acids (e.g., 14:0, 16:0), that appear most harmful, commonly result from endogenous hepatic synthesis in response to dietary carbohydrate; 14:0 and 16:0 blood levels correlate more with dietary starches and added sugars than meats or dairy.
“Furthermore, tissue levels of even-chain saturated fatty acids (e.g., 14:0, 16:0), that appear most harmful, commonly result from endogenous hepatic synthesis in response to dietary carbohydrate;46 14:0 and 16:0 blood levels correlate more with dietary starches and added sugars than meats or dairy.61”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [61]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hodson, L., Skeaff, C. M., & Fielding, B. A. (2008) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2008.03.003 · Cited by 1,315 · see citing works
Chowdhury, R., Warnakula, S., Kunutsor, S., Crowe, F., Ward, H. A., Johnson, L., Franco, O. H., Butterworth, A. S., Forouhi, N. G., Thompson, S. G., et al. (2014) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m13-1788 · Cited by 1,139 · see citing works
Self-citationReddy, J. K., & Hashimoto, T. (2001) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.21.1.193 · Cited by 955 · see citing works
Distinct Effects of Saturated and Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on β-Cell Turnover and Function
Maedler, K., Spinas, G. A., Dyntar, D., Moritz, W., Kaiser, Ν., & Donath, M. Y. (2001) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.1.69 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Micha, R., & Mozaffarian, D. (2010) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-010-3393-4 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Eyre, H., Kahn, R., Robertson, R. M., the ACS/ADA/AHA Collaborative Writing Committee, ACS/ADA/AHA Collaborative Writing Committee Members, Clark, N. G., Doyle, C., Hong, Y., Gansler, T., Glynn, T., et al. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000133321.00456.00 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Wang, L., Folsom, A. R., Zheng, Z.-J., Pankow, J. S., & Eckfeldt, J. H. (2003) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.1.91 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Self-citationSlimani, N., Deharveng, G., Unwin, I. D., Southgate, D. A. T., Vignat, J., Skeie, G., Salvini, S., Parpinel, M. T., Møller, A., Ireland-Ripert, J., et al. (2007) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602679 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman fatty acid synthesis is stimulated by a eucaloric low fat, high carbohydrate diet.
Hudgins, L., Hellerstein, M. K., Seidman, C. E., Neese, R. A., Diakun, J., & Hirsch, J. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci118645 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Regulation of Hepatic De Novo Lipogenesis in Humans
Hellerstein, M. K., Schwarz, J.-M., & Neese, R. A. (1996) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.002515 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Eyre, H. J., Kahn, R., Robertson, R. M., Clark, N. G., Doyle, C., Gansler, T. S., Glynn, T., Hong, Y., Smith, R. A., Taubert, K. A., et al. (2004) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/canjclin.54.4.190 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Smedman, A., Gustafsson, I., Berglund, L., & Vessby, B. O. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.1.22 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Park, D.-Y., Ahn, Y.-T., Park, S.-H., Huh, C.-S., Yoo, S.-R., Yu, R., Sung, M.-K., McGregor, R. A., & Choi, M.-S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059470 · Cited by 317 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…such as vitamin D or calcium cannot be ruled out, and nor can the possible eff ects of processes related to fermentation of dairy products, 4,5,30 our strong fi ndings for odd-chain SFAs in the blood lend support to accumulating evidence of an inverse association between dairy products and…”
The role of the lipogenic pathway in the development of hepatic steatosis
Postic, C., & Girard, J. R. (2008) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1262-3636(08)74599-3 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Hodge, A. M., English, D. R., O’Dea, K., Sinclair, A. J., Makrides, M., Gibson, R. A., & Giles, G. G. (2007) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.1.189 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Kröger, J., Zietemann, V., Enzenbach, C., Weikert, C., Jansen, E. H., Döring, F., Joost, H.-G., Boeing, H., & Schulze, M. B. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.005447 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Self-citationMozaffarian, D., de Oliveira Otto, M. C., Lemaitre, R. N., Fretts, A. M., Hotamisligil, G., Tsai, M. Y., Siscovick, D. S., & Nettleton, J. A. (2013) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.045468 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Siler, S. Q., Neese, R. A., & Hellerstein, M. K. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/70.5.928 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Patel, P. S., Sharp, S. J., Jansen, E. H. J. M., Luben, R., Khaw, K., Wareham, N. J., & Forouhi, N. G. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29182 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Self-citationSluijs, I., Forouhi, N. G., Beulens, J. W., van der Schouw, Y. T., Agnoli, C., Arriola, L., Balkau, B., Barricarte, A., Boeing, H., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B., et al. (2012) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.021907 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Self-citationStearoyl-CoA desaturase: rogue or innocent bystander?
Hodson, L., & Fielding, B. A. (2012) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2012.08.002 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Evaluation of a biological marker of dairy fat intake
Wolk, A., Vessby, B. O., Ljung, H., & Barrefors, P. (1998) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/68.2.291 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
The InterAct Consortium (2011) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2182-9 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Laaksonen, D. E., Lakka, T. A., Lakka, H.-M., Nyyssönen, K., Rissanen, T., NISKANEN, L. K., & Salonen, J. T. (2002) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00707.x · Cited by 193 · see citing works
O’Connor, L. M., Lentjes, M. A. H., Luben, R., Khaw, K., Wareham, N. J., & Forouhi, N. G. (2014) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3176-1 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationTinker, L. F. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.168.14.1500 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Fatty acid profile of the erythrocyte membrane preceding development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Krachler, B., Norberg, M., Eriksson, J. W., Hallmans, G., Johansson, I., Vessby, B. O., Weinehall, L., & Lindahl, B. (2007) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2007.04.005 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
King, I. B., Lemaître, R. N., & Kestin, M. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.2.227 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Human fatty acid synthesis is reduced after the substitution of dietary starch for sugar
Hudgins, L., Seidman, C. E., Diakun, J., & Hirsch, J. (1998) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/67.4.631 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Hodson, L., McQuaid, S., Karpe, F., Frayn, K. N., & Fielding, B. A. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90730.2008 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Wang, L. Y., Summerhill, K., Rodriguez-Canas, C., Mather, I., Patel, P. S., Eiden, M. J., Young, S., Forouhi, N. G., & Koulman, A. (2013) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/gm443 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mozaffarian, D. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.018585 · Cited by 2,216 · see citing works
“Furthermore, tissue levels of even-chain saturated fatty acids (eg, 14:0, 16:0), that appear most harmful in vitro, commonly result from endogenous hepatic synthesis of fat in response to dietary intake of carbohydrate(46); 14:0 and 16:0 blood levels correlate more with intakes of dietary starches and added sugars tha…”
de Souza, R. J., Mente, A., Maroleanu, A., Cozma, A. I., Ha, V., Kishibe, T., Uleryk, E., Budylowski, P., Schünemann, H., Beyene, J., et al. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h3978 · Cited by 1,424 · see citing works
Schwingshackl, L., Hoffmann, G., Lampousi, A.-M., Knüppel, S., Iqbal, K., Schwedhelm, C., Bechthold, A., Schlesinger, S., & Boeing, H. (2017) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-017-0246-y · Cited by 799 · see citing works
Self-citationPeng, K.-Y., Watt, M. J., Rensen, S., Greve, J. W., Huynh, K., Jayawardana, K. S., Meikle, P. J., & Meex, R. C. R. (2018) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m085613 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Dietary carbohydrate restriction improves metabolic syndrome independent of weight loss
Hyde, P. N., Sapper, T. N., Crabtree, C. D., LaFountain, R. A., Bowling, M. L., Buga, A., Fell, B., McSwiney, F. T., Dickerson, R. M., Miller, V. J., et al. (2019) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.128308 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Ericson, U., Hellstrand, S., Brunkwall, L., Schulz, C.-A., Sonestedt, E., Wallström, P., Gullberg, B., Wirfält, E., & Orho-Melander, M. (2015) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.103010 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Vuong, B., Odero, G., Rozbacher, S., Stevenson, M., Kereliuk, S. M., Pereira, T. J., Dolinsky, V. W., & Kauppinen, T. M. (2017) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0859-9 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Sanders, F. W. B., Acharjee, A., Walker, C., Marney, L., Roberts, L. D., Imamura, F., Jenkins, B., Case, J., Ray, S., Virtue, S., et al. (2018) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-018-1439-8 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationLemaitre, R. N., Fretts, A. M., Sitlani, C. M., Biggs, M. L., Mukamal, K., King, I. B., Song, X., Djoussé, L., Siscovick, D. S., McKnight, B., et al. (2015) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.101857 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Wolfram, G., Bechthold, A., Boeing, H., Ellinger, S., Hauner, H., Kroke, A., Leschik-Bonnet, E., Linseisen, J., Lorkowski, S., Schulze, M., et al. (2015) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000437243 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Malik, V. S., Chiuve, S. E., Campos, H., Rimm, E. B., Mozaffarian, D., Hu, F. B., & Sun, Q. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.014911 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Nanri, A., Mizoue, T., Kurotani, K., Goto, A., Oba, S., Noda, M., Sawada, N., Tsugane, S., & for the Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study Group (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118377 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Burgeiro, A., Fuhrmann, A., Cherian, S., Espinoza, D., Jarak, I., Carvalho, R. A., Loureiro, M., Patrício, M., Antunes, M., & Carvalho, E. (2016) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00384.2015 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Guo, J., Givens, D. I., Astrup, A., Bakker, S. J. L., Goossens, G. H., Kratz, M., Marette, A., Pijl, H., & Soedamah‐Muthu, S. S. (2019) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmz050 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Chooi, Y. C., Zhang, Q. A., Magkos, F., Ng, M., Michael, N., Wu, X., Volchanskaya, V. S. B., Lai, X., Wanjaya, E. R., Elejalde, U., et al. (2024) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.11.013 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Alternative Dietary Patterns for Americans: Low-Carbohydrate Diets
Volek, J. S., Phinney, S. D., Krauss, R. M., Johnson, R. J., Saslow, L. R., Gower, B., Yancy, W. S., King, J. C., Hecht, F. M., Teicholz, N., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103299 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Mozaffarian, D. (2016) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv595 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Jenkins, B., Aoun, M., Feillet-Coudray, C., Coudray, C., Ronis, M., & Koulman, A. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10111646 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationMozaffarian, D. (2015) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00208-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Forouhi, N. G., Koulman, A., Sharp, S. J., Imamura, F., Kröger, J., Schulze, M. B., Crowe, F. L., Huerta, J. M., Guevara, M., Beulens, J. W., van Woudenbergh, G. J., Wang, L., Summerhill, K., Griffin, J. L., Feskens, E. J., Amiano, P., Boeing, H., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Dartois, L., Fagherazzi, G., Franks, P. W., Gonzalez, C., Jakobsen, M. U., Kaaks, R., Key, T. J., Khaw, K.-T., Kühn, T., Mattiello, A., Nilsson, P. M., Overvad, K., Pala, V., Palli, D., Quirós, J. R., Rolandsson, O., Roswall, N., Sacerdote, C., Sánchez, M.-J., Slimani, N., Spijkerman, A. M., Tjonneland, A., Tormo, M.-J., Tumino, R., van der A, D. L., van der Schouw, Y. T., Langenberg, C., Riboli, E., & Wareham, N. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory (GB)
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DE)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (ES)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- Basque Government (ES)
- Université Paris-Sud (FR)
- Lund University (SE)
- Institut Català d'Oncologia (ES)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- German Cancer Research Center (DE)
- Federico II University Hospital (IT)
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (IT)
- Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica (IT)
- Gobierno del Principado de Asturias (ES)
- Umeå University (SE)
- Danish Cancer Society (DK)
- Italian institute for Genomic Medicine (IT)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ES)
- Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (FR)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Forouhi, Nita G
- ORCID
- Forouhi, Nita G
- Koulman, Albert
- Sharp, Stephen J
- Imamura, Fumiaki
- Kröger, Janine
- Schulze, Matthias B
- Crowe, Francesca L
- Huerta, José María
- Guevara, Marcela
- Beulens, Joline WJ
- Wang, Laura
- Griffin, Julian L
- Feskens, Edith JM
- Amiano, Pilar
- Boeing, Heiner
- Fagherazzi, Guy
- Franks, Paul W
- Gonzalez, Carlos
- Jakobsen, Marianne Uhre
- Kaaks, Rudolf
- Key, Timothy J
- Khaw, Kay-Tee
- Mattiello, Amalia
- Nilsson, Peter M
- Overvad, Kim
- Pala, Valeria
- Palli, Domenico
- Rolandsson, Olov
- Roswall, Nina
- Sacerdote, Carlotta
- Sánchez, María-José
- Slimani, Nadia
- Tumino, Rosario
- Langenberg, Claudia
- Wareham, Nicholas J
- Venue
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 810-818
- ISSN
- 2213-8587 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4196248
- OpenAlex
- W2168530080
- Cited by
- 557
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 43.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- DiVA at Umeå University (Umeå University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
- Rivm (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) (submittedVersion)
- RISalud Institutional Health Repository of Andalucía (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport
- Agentschap NL (IGE05012)
- Hjärt-Lungfonden
- World Cancer Research Fund
- Västerbotten Läns Landsting
- Kræftens Bekæmpelse
- NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre
- Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12015/1, MC_UU_12015/5)
- Cancer Research UK
- Novo Nordisk
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, saturated fatty acids, plasma phospholipids, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, pentadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, even-chain fatty acids, odd-chain fatty acids, dietary fatty acids, case-cohort study, hazard ratio
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Fatty Acids, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Phospholipids, Prospective Studies, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
