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Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet
Abstract
Hypertension and elevated sympathetic drive result from consumption of a high-calorie diet and deposition of abdominal fat, but the etiology and temporal characteristics are unknown. Rabbits instrumented for telemetric recording of arterial pressure and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were fed a high-fat diet for 3 weeks then control diet for 1 week or control diet for 4 weeks. Baroreflexes and responses to air-jet stress and hypoxia were determined weekly. After 1 week of high-fat diet, caloric intake increased by 62%, accompanied by elevated body weight, blood glucose, plasma insulin, and leptin (8%, 14%, 134%, and 252%, respectively). Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and RSNA also increased after 1 week (6%, 11%, and 57%, respectively). Whereas mean arterial pressure and body weight continued to rise over 3 weeks of high-fat diet, heart rate and RSNA did not change further. The RSNA baroreflex was attenuated from the first week of the diet. Excitatory responses to air-jet stress diminished over 3 weeks of high-fat diet, but responses to hypoxia were invariant. Resumption of a normal diet returned glucose, insulin, leptin, and heart rate to control levels, but body weight, mean arterial pressure, and RSNA remained elevated. In conclusion, elevated sympathetic drive and impaired baroreflex function, which occur within 1 week of consumption of a high-fat, high-calorie diet, appear integral to the rapid development of obesity-related hypertension. Increased plasma leptin and insulin may contribute to the initiation of hypertension but are not required for maintenance of mean arterial pressure, which likely lies in alterations in the response of neurons in the hypothalamus.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In conscious rabbits, a high-fat, high-calorie diet increased renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), heart rate, and mean arterial pressure within 1 week, alongside rapid rises in glucose, insulin, and leptin. Withdrawal of the diet normalized glucose, insulin, leptin, and heart rate, but body weight, mean arterial pressure, and RSNA remained elevated.
Key findings
- After 1 week of high-fat diet, caloric intake rose by 62%, and body weight, blood glucose, plasma insulin, and leptin increased by 8%, 14%, 134%, and 252%, respectively; mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and RSNA increased by 6%, 11%, and 57%, respectively.
- Mean arterial pressure and body weight continued to rise over 3 weeks of high-fat diet, whereas heart rate and RSNA did not change further; the RSNA baroreflex was attenuated from week 1, with the lower plateau 92% higher and range 29% lower at week 3, and gain 48% lower at week 3.
- Excitatory responses to air-jet stress diminished over 3 weeks of high-fat diet (RSNA response −70% at week 3), but responses to hypoxia were invariant.
- After return to normal diet, glucose, insulin, leptin, and heart rate returned to control levels, but body weight, mean arterial pressure, and RSNA remained elevated; ganglion blockade produced a greater fall in mean arterial pressure in high-fat-diet rabbits (−23±2 mm Hg, n=5) than controls (−13±2 mm Hg, n=4; P group=0.014).
Methods
- Experiments used 33 male New Zealand white rabbits (body weight 2.6–3.3 kg) instrumented under isoflurane anesthesia with telemetric arterial pressure recording and renal nerve electrodes; after recovery, baseline mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and RSNA were measured.
- Rabbits were randomized to a normal-fat control diet (n=10) or high-fat diet (n=13) for 3 weeks, then the high-fat group returned to control diet for 1 week; diets were standard rabbit chow (4.2% fat, 2.63 kcal/g) or modified chow (13.3% fat, 3.34 kcal/g).
- Weekly measurements included responses to air-jet stress and hypoxia, RSNA and heart rate baroreflexes derived from phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside infusions, blood glucose, plasma insulin and leptin, and at week 3 ganglion blockade with pentolinium; data were analyzed by split-plot repeated-measures ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni/Greenhouse-Geisser corrections, with P<0.05 significant.
Limitations
- The paper states that RSNA signal decay after approximately 5 weeks of recording meant only 3 to 4 rabbits per group had viable RSNA at week 4.
- The paper does not include a dedicated limitations section; evident from the text, some measures used small subsets (caloric intake n=4–5 per group, plasma insulin n=5 per group, plasma leptin n=4 control and 8 high-fat-diet rabbits, RSNA n=8 control and 6 high-fat-diet rabbits through week 3).
- Evident from the text, the study used only male rabbits and an acute fat-feeding model, and it did not directly establish causality for leptin, insulin, or other proposed mechanisms maintaining elevated mean arterial pressure and RSNA after diet withdrawal.
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61 Own result · 25 Own interpretation · 10 Not checked yet · 4 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After 1 week of high-fat diet, caloric intake increased by 62%, accompanied by elevated body weight, blood glucose, plasma insulin, and leptin (8%, 14%, 134%, and 252%, respectively).”
- Also stated in: § Effect of the HFD Over 3 Weeks and Return to Normal Diet · plain
“During the first week of HFD, calorie intake increased by 62% from 299Ϯ4 kcal • d Ϫ1 but declined from then until week 3 when intake was 42% greater than baseline (PϽ0.001;nϭ5; Figure 1).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Abstract
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- Also stated in: § Effect of the HFD Over 3 Weeks and Return to Normal Diet · plain
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In the paper
“In control rabbits (nϭ8), the MAP and HR responses to air-jet stress over 3 weeks were similar to those observed during the baseline experiment (Figure 2).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Effect of HFD and Return to Normal Diet on Responses to Air-Jet Stress
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In the paper
“Control animals showed no change in RSNA over the course of the experimental schedule (Figure 1).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Plasma leptin concentrations increased markedly at week 1
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In the paper
“Insulin sensitivity showed a large rebound in the first week after return to a normal diet (ϩ265%).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Plasma leptin concentrations increased markedly at week 1
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and RSNA also increased after 1 week (6%, 11%, and 57%, respectively).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Abstract
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In the paper
“Interestingly, the 3 rabbits previously on the HFD, which had working electrodes 1 week after return to a normal diet, demonstrated maintenance of the high RSNA.”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Plasma leptin concentrations increased markedly at week 1
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The nasopharyngeal response that was used to normalize RSNA was not altered by time on the HFD (P groupϫdiet ϭ0.58).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Plasma leptin concentrations increased markedly at week 1
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“By contrast, after the onset of the HFD (nϭ11), the MAP responses to air jet were reduced by 21% (weeks 1-2; PϽ0.05) and the tachycardia reduced by 26% to 48% (weeks 2-3) compared with baseline (PϽ0.01; Figure 2).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Effect of HFD and Return to Normal Diet on Responses to Air-Jet Stress
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In the paper
“Our finding of invariant cardiovascular responses to air-jet stress between HFD and control animals”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Stress and Obesity
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In the paper
“Normalization of caloric intake results in partial reversal of blood pressure even when body weight remains high”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Perspectives
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 34
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
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In the paper
“However, body weight and MAP in rabbits previously fed the HFD remained elevated compared with control rabbits (P groups Ͻ0.001), although MAP was 4% lower than the peak response (Pϭ0.002for week 3 versus recovery; Figure 1).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Plasma leptin concentrations increased markedly at week 1
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Insulin sensitivity, estimated by the glucose/insulin ratio, showed a rapid decline with HFD consumption and was 47% lower than baseline during weeks 1 to 3 of the HFD (P groupϫdiet ϭ0.042).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Effect of the HFD Over 3 Weeks and Return to Normal Diet
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In the paper
“One week after resuming a normal diet, calorie intake had fallen to a level similar to that of control rabbits, accompanied by falls in blood glucose, plasma insulin, and plasma leptin concentrations, as well as HR (Figure 1).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Plasma leptin concentrations increased markedly at week 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“(ϩ252%; PϽ0.001) and remained elevated throughout the HFD, whereas plasma leptin concentration in control rabbits did not change over the same period (Figure 1).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Plasma leptin concentrations increased markedly at week 1
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There was a marked increase in RSNA at week 1 of the HFD (ϩ3.1Ϯ0.7 normalized units; PϽ0.001), which was maintained throughout the treatment period (Figure 1).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Plasma leptin concentrations increased markedly at week 1
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“HR, by contrast, increased by 11% at week 1 (PϽ0.001)and remained at a similar level during the following 2 weeks (Figure 1).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Plasma leptin concentrations increased markedly at week 1
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“By contrast, MAP, HR, and RSNA in rabbits fed a control diet did not change significantly over the 3-week treatment period (P time Ͼ0.05Ͻ0.001; Figure 1).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Plasma leptin concentrations increased markedly at week 1
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were initially similar in the 2 groups (Table) but increased significantly during the first week of the HFD (ϩ14% and ϩ134%, respectively; PϽ0.001) and remained elevated for the next 2 weeks (Figure 1).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Effect of the HFD Over 3 Weeks and Return to Normal Diet
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In the paper
“Rabbits fed the HFD (nϭ13) gained 260Ϯ35 g during the first week and continued to gain weight over the next 2 weeks (504Ϯ43 g at week 3) compared with control rabbits, which had gained 80Ϯ26 g by week 3 (nϭ10; P group Ͻ0.001; Figure 1).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Effect of the HFD Over 3 Weeks and Return to Normal Diet
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were initially similar in the 2 groups (Table) but increased significantly during the first week of the HFD (ϩ14% and ϩ134%, respectively; PϽ0.001) and remained elevated for the next 2 weeks (Figure 1).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Effect of the HFD Over 3 Weeks and Return to Normal Diet
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Initial responses to the air-jet stimulus were similar in the 2 groups and consisted of a rapid increase in MAP (ϩ18Ϯ1 mm Hg), tachycardia (ϩ29Ϯ2 beats • min Ϫ1 ) and sympathoexcitation (ϩ3.5Ϯ0.4 normalized units).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Effect of HFD and Return to Normal Diet on Responses to Air-Jet Stress
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“MAP increased by 6% during the first week of HFD (PϽ0.001), but by week 3 that increase had doubled to 12% (Figure 1).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Plasma leptin concentrations increased markedly at week 1
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“However, by week 3, the HR baroreflex upper plateau and reflex range had recovered and were greater than baseline (6% to 8%; PϽ0.05), and there was restoration of baroreflex gain toward the baseline value (Pϭ0.2; Figure 5 and Table S2).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Effect of HFD and Return to Normal Diet on Baroreflexes
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In the paper
“Interestingly, scaled weight of the liver was significantly less in HFD rabbits than controls (HFD 2.7 % vs control 3.1 %, P group = 0.01).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Effect of HFD on adiposity and body composition
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“After 1 week of control diet in rabbits previously fed the HFD, both the MAP and HR responses to air-jet stress were restored to baseline levels and were similar to responses in control rabbits (Figure 2).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Effect of HFD and Return to Normal Diet on Responses to Air-Jet Stress
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“HR baroreflex curves constructed 1 week after rabbits on the HFD were returned to a normal diet were still enhanced, most notably baroreflex gain, which was 33% greater than at week 3 (PϽ0.001)but not different from baseline (Table S2).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Effect of HFD and Return to Normal Diet on Baroreflexes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“RSNA and HR baseline baroreflex curves were sigmoidal, with resting values lying close to the lower plateau.”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Effect of HFD and Return to Normal Diet on Baroreflexes
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In the paper
“The gain of the HR baroreflex was also reduced during HFD consumption but normalized on withdrawal of the HFD.”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Baroreflexes But Not Chemoreflexes Become Aberrant in Early Onset Obesity
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In the paper
“Our data indicate that short-term HFD consumption results in alterations to the HR and RSNA baroreflexes.”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Baroreflexes But Not Chemoreflexes Become Aberrant in Early Onset Obesity
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In the paper
“Although left ventricular weight was 11 % greater in rabbits previously fed a HFD than controls (HFD 4.6 g vs control 4.2 g, P group = 0.01)”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Effect of HFD on adiposity and body composition
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The weights of kidneys and adrenal glands were similar in both treatment groups.”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Effect of HFD on adiposity and body composition
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“RSNA, HR, MAP, plasma insulin, and plasma leptin increase in the first week of a high-fat, high-calorie diet in conscious rabbits.”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Additional information
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In the paper
“Over the 3 weeks of fat feeding, rabbits developed an increase in adipose tissue mass distributed across perirenal, mesenteric, testicular, bladder white adipose tissue depots (P group Ͻ0.001), and brown adipose tissue depots (P group Ͻ0.01), which was maintained after 1 week of normal diet.”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Effect of HFD and Return to Normal Diet on Fat Pad and Organ Mass
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was initially an attenuation of the curve at week 1, with an elevation of the lower plateau and reductions in reflex range and gain compared with baseline (Figure 5 and Table S2).”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Effect of HFD and Return to Normal Diet on Baroreflexes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the MAP, HR, or RSNA response to hypoxia was not different from controls”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Baroreflexes But Not Chemoreflexes Become Aberrant in Early Onset Obesity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rabbits consuming the HFD ingested Ϸ200 kcal per day more than controls, which represents a 40% to 60% increase above basal energy intake.”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Rapid Changes in Cardiovascular Parameters With Short-Term Food Increase
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the baseline experiment, rabbits in control (nϭ10) and HFD (nϭ13) groups showed characteristic pressor (ϩ4.5Ϯ0.4 mm Hg), tachycardic (ϩ18Ϯ1 beats • min Ϫ1 ), and sympathoexcitatory (ϩ2.5Ϯ0.3 normalized units) responses to hypoxia.”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Effect of HFD and Return to Normal Diet on Responses to Hypoxia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but insulin and leptin return to normal.”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This reduction in response is not habituation for MAP or HR at least, because the response to air-jet stress returned to baseline levels on withdrawal of the HFD.”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Stress and Obesity
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“weight loss is associated with reactivation of the baroreflex, 14”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Baroreflexes But Not Chemoreflexes Become Aberrant in Early Onset Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A number of studies implicate increased cardiovascular responses to emotional stress as being pivotal in the development of hypertension.28,29”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Stress and Obesity
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“There is also a decrease in baroreceptor sensitivity in patients with long-term obstructive sleep apnea.38”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Baroreflexes But Not Chemoreflexes Become Aberrant in Early Onset Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“supporting the hypothesis that sympathetic drive is increased rapidly on consumption of a high calorie diet and is central to obesity-related hypertension.”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The relationship among insulin, leptin, and MAP appears more complex than we have reported previously, 9 because the rising trend of MAP follows that of insulin and leptin during the onset of obesity but does not appear to hold after the withdrawal of HFD, where plasma leptin and insulin concentrations fall rapidly but MAP and RSNA remain high.”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Rapid Changes in Cardiovascular Parameters With Short-Term Food Increase
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Repeated episodes of hypoxia, either occurring as a result of obstructive sleep apnea 35 or because of experimental induction, both result in elevation of blood pressure 36 and altered metabolic function.37”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Baroreflexes But Not Chemoreflexes Become Aberrant in Early Onset Obesity
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it appears that a feed-forward sympathoexcitatory mechanism involving activation of nonbaroreceptor-dependent RSNA may be responsible for the increase in RSNA rather than an impaired baroreflex.”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Baroreflexes But Not Chemoreflexes Become Aberrant in Early Onset Obesity
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This phase of obesity-related hypertension is associated with alterations in the baroreflex, but stress and chemoreflex pathways do not appear to be involved.”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Perspectives
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The first 3 weeks of HFD in rabbits correspond to the early phase of human obesity-related hypertension.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“may be more likely related to plasma insulin and glucose concentrations, which also return to baseline within 1 week of recovery from the HFD.”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Rapid Changes in Cardiovascular Parameters With Short-Term Food Increase
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We have shown previously that the dorsomedial hypothalamus is pivotal in the transduction of the stress response.30”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Stress and Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It is also reported that obese humans demonstrate an exacerbated cardiovascular and sympathetic response to mental and cold pressor stressors.13”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Stress and Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“obesity-related hypertension is a negative adverse effect.”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Perspectives
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“elevation in subcutaneous adiposity does not alter the baroreflex.”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Baroreflexes But Not Chemoreflexes Become Aberrant in Early Onset Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“activation of the baroreflex by exogenous electric stimulation of the carotid sinus baroreceptors in obese hypertensive dogs results in a reduction in MAP, HR, and plasma norepinephrine concentrations.32”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Baroreflexes But Not Chemoreflexes Become Aberrant in Early Onset Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the weight gain phase, MAP and RSNA rise rapidly, but even after successfully reducing caloric intake, these individuals may retain elevated RSNA and MAP.”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Rapid Changes in Cardiovascular Parameters With Short-Term Food Increase
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings in rabbits can be generalized to humans in weight gain and acute dieting cycles.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Elevated sympathetic drive and impaired baroreflex function appear integral to the rapid development of obesity-related hypertension.”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Additional information
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The observed effects of high-fat diet in rabbits are attributable to caloric load rather than high fat content per se.
“RSNA, HR, MAP, plasma insulin, and plasma leptin increase in the first week of a high-fat, high-calorie diet in conscious rabbits.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings in rabbits can be generalized to humans in weight gain and acute dieting cycles.
“this has implications for cardiovascular health in people who are constantly in a cycle of weight gain and acute dieting to reduce body weight.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The air-jet stress and hypoxia protocols adequately model emotional stress and chemoreflex activation in the context of obesity-related hypertension.
“Our finding of invariant cardiovascular responses to air-jet stress between HFD and control animals”
“the MAP, HR, or RSNA response to hypoxia was not different from controls”
The paper relies on this without support.
The first 3 weeks of HFD in rabbits correspond to the early phase of human obesity-related hypertension.
“early in the development of obesity-related hypertension”
“early phase of obesity-related hypertension”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In rabbits, RSNA increases within a few days of starting an HFD155.”
From Obesity, kidney dysfunction and hypertension: mechanistic links (2019) · cites this paper as [155]
In the citing paper
“Similar results were found in rabbits fed an HFD155.”
From Obesity, kidney dysfunction and hypertension: mechanistic links (2019) · cites this paper as [155]
In the citing paper
“Studies in experimental animals and humans indicate that cardiac and RSNA baroreflex sensitivity is depressed after rapid weight gain and in the setting of long-standing obesity37,155,179.”
From Obesity, kidney dysfunction and hypertension: mechanistic links (2019) · cites this paper as [155]
In the citing paper
“The metabolic, endocrine, cardiovascular, and renal changes caused by dietary-induced obesity in these experimental animals closely mimic the changes observed in obese humans5,13–16 (Table 1).”
From Obesity-Induced Hypertension: Interaction of Neurohumoral and Renal Mechanisms (2015) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, these changes appeared as soon a 1 week after starting the high fat diet and sustained after 3 weeks (20).”
From Obesity-Associated Hypertension: Recent Progress in Deciphering the Pathogenesis (2014) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Rabbits instrumented for telemetric recording of renal sympathetic activity and hemodynamic measurements were found to develop a rapid elevation in renal sympathetic tone, blood pressure and heart rate and impairment in baroreflex function when fed a high fat diet (20).”
From Obesity-Associated Hypertension: Recent Progress in Deciphering the Pathogenesis (2014) · cites this paper as [20]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Additional information
“• Sympathetic baroreflexes are impaired, but stress and chemoreflex pathways are unchanged.”
§ Nervous System Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet > Effect of HFD and Return to Normal Diet on Responses to Air-Jet Stress
“By contrast, after the onset of the HFD (nϭ11), the MAP responses to air jet were reduced by 21% (weeks 1-2; PϽ0.05) and the tachycardia reduced by 26% to 48% (weeks 2-3) compared with baseline (PϽ0.01; Figure 2).”
Citations
Cites
Sympathetic neural mechanisms in obstructive sleep apnea.
Somers, V. K., Dyken, M. E., Clary, M. P., & Abboud, F. M. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci118235 · Cited by 2,527
Effect of a single high-fat meal on endothelial function in healthy subjects
Vogel, R. A., Corretti, M. C., & Plotnick, G. D. (1997) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(96)00760-6 · Cited by 798
Incidence and precursors of hypertension in young adults: The Framingham offspring study
Garrison, R. J., Kannel, W. B., Stokes, J., & Castelli, W. P. (1987) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(87)90087-9 · Cited by 789
Sympathetic Neural Activation in Visceral Obesity
Alvarez, G. E., Beske, S. D., Ballard, T. P., & Davy, K. P. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000041244.79165.25 · Cited by 557
Obesity, Sleep Apnea, and Hypertension
Wolk, R., Shamsuzzaman, A. S. M., & Somers, V. K. (2003) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000101686.98973.a3 · Cited by 532
Repeated measurements and multiple comparisons in cardiovascular research
Ludbrook, J. (1994) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/28.3.303 · Cited by 458
Stress: a risk factor for serious illness
VanItallie, T. B. (2002) · Metabolism · doi:10.1053/meta.2002.33191 · Cited by 414 · cited 1×
“Stress and Obesity A number of studies implicate increased cardiovascular responses to emotional stress as being pivotal in the development of hypertension.(28,29) It is also reported that obese MAP (mmHg) 50 60 70 80 90 100 High fat diet”
BackgroundRegional Sympathetic Nervous Activity and Oxygen Consumption in Obese Normotensive Human Subjects
Vaz, M., Jennings, G., Turner, A., Cox, H., Lambert, G., & Esler, M. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.10.3423 · Cited by 404
Suppression of Sympathetic Nervous System During Fasting
Young, J. B., & Landsberg, L. (1977) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.867049 · Cited by 389
Grassi, G., Seravalle, G., Colombo, M., Bolla, G., Cattaneo, B. M., Cavagnini, F., & Mancia, G. (1998) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.97.20.2037 · Cited by 364
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 10.1016/s0895-7061(98)00231-3 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–114 of 114
GABAAR-δ-subunit mediates increased GABAergic inhibition in cardiac DMV neurons after high-fat diet
Wang, Y. B., Dow, K. E., & Boychuk, C. R. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.112268 · Cited by 3
Rajapakse, N. W., Karim, F., Evans, R. G., Kaye, D. M., & Head, G. A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131424 · Cited by 2
Self-citationSympathetic and Renin–Angiotensin Activity in the Pathophysiology of Hypertension
Covic, A. C., & Segall, L. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15961-4_35 · Cited by 1
Renal Nerves: Roles in Homeostasis and Pathophysiology
Tyshynsky, R., Vulchanova, L., & Osborn, J. W. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-38934-4_1 · Cited by 1
Controversies related to renal artery denervation and devices
Agwuegbo, C. C., Antia, A. U., Shamaki, G. R., & Bob‐Manuel, T. (2024) · Current Opinion in Cardiology · doi:10.1097/hco.0000000000001146 · Cited by 1
Leptin, the Autonomic Nervous System, and Hypertension
da Silva, A. A., do Carmo, J. M., Wang, Z., & Hall, J. E. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09915-6_14 · Cited by 1
Nogueira, T. R., Marreiros, C. S., & Freitas, B. D. J. E. S. D. A. (2022) · Current Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.2174/1573401318666220203164619 · Cited by 1
Comparative Study of Sympathetic Activity in Normotensive Obese and Nonobese Adults
Samina, S. (2020) · International Journal of Physiology · doi:10.37506/ijop.v8i3.1337
Félix, C. S., Ibarra, K. J. V., Angulo-Camacho, J. Á., & Ibarra-Sánchez, A. (2024) · Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar · doi:10.37811/cl_rcm.v8i1.9474
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Effects on the Reno-Vascular System
Balaji, N., Ayazo, C., & Umana, I. E. (2025) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1011526
Neural control of renal function
Grisk, O., Johns, E. J., & Kopp, U. C. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815389-5.00031-9
Molecular and Cellular Underpinnings of Primary Hypertension: An Integrative Mechanistic Framework
Nasrallah, D., Abdelhamid, A. H., Tluli, O., Al-Haneedi, Y., Hussien, M. A., & Eid, A. H. (2026) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.70233
Metadata
- Authors
- Armitage, J. A., Burke, S. L., Prior, L. J., Barzel, B., Eikelis, N., Lim, K., & Head, G. A.
- Affiliations
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (AU)
- Venue
- Hypertension
- Published
- 2012-07
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 163-171
- ISSN
- 0194-911X (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4563
- OpenAlex
- W2097213658
- Semantic Scholar
- 5e2b7e3b4c640985cab74741b71ad3b25671cbf7
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 10.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- State Government of Victoria
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Keywords
- renal sympathetic nerve activity, high-fat diet, obesity-related hypertension, baroreflex sensitivity, hypoxia response, leptin, insulin, energy intake, arterial pressure, heart rate, hypothalamic neurons, dietary fat
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Animals, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Body Weight, Dietary Fats, Heart Rate, Hypertension, Insulin, Kidney, Male, Obesity, Rabbits, Sympathetic Nervous System, Time Factors, Baroreflex, Leptin, Adiposity, Diet, High-Fat
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
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