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Cited by 115Blood Pressure and Hypertension StudiesHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlNeuroscience of respiration and sleep

Rapid Onset of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet

Armitage, James A., Burke, Sandra L., Prior, Larissa J., Barzel, Benjamin, Eikelis, Nina, Lim, Kyungjoon, Head, Geoffrey A.·2012·Hypertension
DOI 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.190413
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Abstract

Hypertension and elevated sympathetic drive result from consumption of a high-calorie diet and deposition of abdominal fat, but the etiology and temporal characteristics are unknown. Rabbits instrumented for telemetric recording of arterial pressure and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were fed a high-fat diet for 3 weeks then control diet for 1 week or control diet for 4 weeks. Baroreflexes and responses to air-jet stress and hypoxia were determined weekly. After 1 week of high-fat diet, caloric intake increased by 62%, accompanied by elevated body weight, blood glucose, plasma insulin, and leptin (8%, 14%, 134%, and 252%, respectively). Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and RSNA also increased after 1 week (6%, 11%, and 57%, respectively). Whereas mean arterial pressure and body weight continued to rise over 3 weeks of high-fat diet, heart rate and RSNA did not change further. The RSNA baroreflex was attenuated from the first week of the diet. Excitatory responses to air-jet stress diminished over 3 weeks of high-fat diet, but responses to hypoxia were invariant. Resumption of a normal diet returned glucose, insulin, leptin, and heart rate to control levels, but body weight, mean arterial pressure, and RSNA remained elevated. In conclusion, elevated sympathetic drive and impaired baroreflex function, which occur within 1 week of consumption of a high-fat, high-calorie diet, appear integral to the rapid development of obesity-related hypertension. Increased plasma leptin and insulin may contribute to the initiation of hypertension but are not required for maintenance of mean arterial pressure, which likely lies in alterations in the response of neurons in the hypothalamus.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In conscious rabbits, a high-fat, high-calorie diet increased renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), heart rate, and mean arterial pressure within 1 week, alongside rapid rises in glucose, insulin, and leptin. Withdrawal of the diet normalized glucose, insulin, leptin, and heart rate, but body weight, mean arterial pressure, and RSNA remained elevated.

Key findings

  • After 1 week of high-fat diet, caloric intake rose by 62%, and body weight, blood glucose, plasma insulin, and leptin increased by 8%, 14%, 134%, and 252%, respectively; mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and RSNA increased by 6%, 11%, and 57%, respectively.
  • Mean arterial pressure and body weight continued to rise over 3 weeks of high-fat diet, whereas heart rate and RSNA did not change further; the RSNA baroreflex was attenuated from week 1, with the lower plateau 92% higher and range 29% lower at week 3, and gain 48% lower at week 3.
  • Excitatory responses to air-jet stress diminished over 3 weeks of high-fat diet (RSNA response −70% at week 3), but responses to hypoxia were invariant.
  • After return to normal diet, glucose, insulin, leptin, and heart rate returned to control levels, but body weight, mean arterial pressure, and RSNA remained elevated; ganglion blockade produced a greater fall in mean arterial pressure in high-fat-diet rabbits (−23±2 mm Hg, n=5) than controls (−13±2 mm Hg, n=4; P group=0.014).

Methods

  • Experiments used 33 male New Zealand white rabbits (body weight 2.6–3.3 kg) instrumented under isoflurane anesthesia with telemetric arterial pressure recording and renal nerve electrodes; after recovery, baseline mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and RSNA were measured.
  • Rabbits were randomized to a normal-fat control diet (n=10) or high-fat diet (n=13) for 3 weeks, then the high-fat group returned to control diet for 1 week; diets were standard rabbit chow (4.2% fat, 2.63 kcal/g) or modified chow (13.3% fat, 3.34 kcal/g).
  • Weekly measurements included responses to air-jet stress and hypoxia, RSNA and heart rate baroreflexes derived from phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside infusions, blood glucose, plasma insulin and leptin, and at week 3 ganglion blockade with pentolinium; data were analyzed by split-plot repeated-measures ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni/Greenhouse-Geisser corrections, with P<0.05 significant.

Limitations

  • The paper states that RSNA signal decay after approximately 5 weeks of recording meant only 3 to 4 rabbits per group had viable RSNA at week 4.
  • The paper does not include a dedicated limitations section; evident from the text, some measures used small subsets (caloric intake n=4–5 per group, plasma insulin n=5 per group, plasma leptin n=4 control and 8 high-fat-diet rabbits, RSNA n=8 control and 6 high-fat-diet rabbits through week 3).
  • Evident from the text, the study used only male rabbits and an acute fat-feeding model, and it did not directly establish causality for leptin, insulin, or other proposed mechanisms maintaining elevated mean arterial pressure and RSNA after diet withdrawal.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.190413

Cites

38 of 38 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 13 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    In rabbits fed a high-fat diet, caloric intake increased by 62% after 1 week compared with baseline.

    “After 1 week of high-fat diet, caloric intake increased by 62%, accompanied by elevated body weight, blood glucose, plasma insulin, and leptin (8%, 14%, 134%, and 252%, respectively).”
    • Also stated in: § Effect of the HFD Over 3 Weeks and Return to Normal Diet · plain
      “During the first week of HFD, calorie intake increased by 62% from 299Ϯ4 kcal • d Ϫ1 but declined from then until week 3 when intake was 42% greater than baseline (PϽ0.001;nϭ5; Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In control rabbits, MAP and HR responses to air-jet stress over 3 weeks were similar to those observed during the baseline experiment.

    “In control rabbits (nϭ8), the MAP and HR responses to air-jet stress over 3 weeks were similar to those observed during the baseline experiment (Figure 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Control animals showed no change in RSNA over the course of the experimental schedule.

    “Control animals showed no change in RSNA over the course of the experimental schedule (Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Insulin sensitivity showed a large rebound (+265%) in the first week after return to a normal diet.

    “Insulin sensitivity showed a large rebound in the first week after return to a normal diet (ϩ265%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In rabbits fed HFD, renal sympathetic nerve activity increased by 57% after 1 week.

    “Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and RSNA also increased after 1 week (6%, 11%, and 57%, respectively).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 34
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 13

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    After return to a normal diet, body weight and mean arterial pressure in rabbits previously fed HFD remained elevated compared with control rabbits, although MAP was 4% lower than the peak response.

    “However, body weight and MAP in rabbits previously fed the HFD remained elevated compared with control rabbits (P groups Ͻ0.001), although MAP was 4% lower than the peak response (Pϭ0.002for week 3 versus recovery; Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In rabbits fed HFD, insulin sensitivity estimated by the glucose/insulin ratio declined rapidly and was 47% lower than baseline during weeks 1 to 3.

    “Insulin sensitivity, estimated by the glucose/insulin ratio, showed a rapid decline with HFD consumption and was 47% lower than baseline during weeks 1 to 3 of the HFD (P groupϫdiet ϭ0.042).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    One week after resuming a normal diet, calorie intake fell to a level similar to control rabbits, accompanied by falls in blood glucose, plasma insulin, plasma leptin, and heart rate.

    “One week after resuming a normal diet, calorie intake had fallen to a level similar to that of control rabbits, accompanied by falls in blood glucose, plasma insulin, and plasma leptin concentrations, as well as HR (Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In rabbits fed HFD, plasma leptin increased by 252% at week 1 and remained elevated throughout the HFD.

    “(ϩ252%; PϽ0.001) and remained elevated throughout the HFD, whereas plasma leptin concentration in control rabbits did not change over the same period (Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In rabbits fed HFD, renal sympathetic nerve activity increased by 3.1±0.7 normalized units at week 1 and was maintained throughout the treatment period.

    “There was a marked increase in RSNA at week 1 of the HFD (ϩ3.1Ϯ0.7 normalized units; PϽ0.001), which was maintained throughout the treatment period (Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In rabbits fed HFD, heart rate increased by 11% at week 1 and remained at a similar level during the following 2 weeks.

    “HR, by contrast, increased by 11% at week 1 (PϽ0.001)and remained at a similar level during the following 2 weeks (Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In control rabbits, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and renal sympathetic nerve activity did not change significantly over the 3-week treatment period.

    “By contrast, MAP, HR, and RSNA in rabbits fed a control diet did not change significantly over the 3-week treatment period (P time Ͼ0.05Ͻ0.001; Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In rabbits fed HFD, plasma insulin increased by 134% during the first week and remained elevated for the next 2 weeks.

    “Blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were initially similar in the 2 groups (Table) but increased significantly during the first week of the HFD (ϩ14% and ϩ134%, respectively; PϽ0.001) and remained elevated for the next 2 weeks (Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In rabbits fed HFD, body weight increased by 260±35 g during the first week and by 504±43 g at week 3, compared with control rabbits gaining 80±26 g by week 3.

    “Rabbits fed the HFD (nϭ13) gained 260Ϯ35 g during the first week and continued to gain weight over the next 2 weeks (504Ϯ43 g at week 3) compared with control rabbits, which had gained 80Ϯ26 g by week 3 (nϭ10; P group Ͻ0.001; Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In rabbits fed HFD, blood glucose increased by 14% during the first week and remained elevated for the next 2 weeks.

    “Blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were initially similar in the 2 groups (Table) but increased significantly during the first week of the HFD (ϩ14% and ϩ134%, respectively; PϽ0.001) and remained elevated for the next 2 weeks (Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Initial responses to air-jet stimulus were similar in control and HFD groups and consisted of a rapid increase in MAP (+18±1 mm Hg), tachycardia (+29±2 beats/min), and sympathoexcitation (+3.5±0.4 normalized units).

    “Initial responses to the air-jet stimulus were similar in the 2 groups and consisted of a rapid increase in MAP (ϩ18Ϯ1 mm Hg), tachycardia (ϩ29Ϯ2 beats • min Ϫ1 ) and sympathoexcitation (ϩ3.5Ϯ0.4 normalized units).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In rabbits fed HFD, mean arterial pressure increased by 6% during the first week and by 12% at week 3.

    “MAP increased by 6% during the first week of HFD (PϽ0.001), but by week 3 that increase had doubled to 12% (Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    By week 3, the HR baroreflex upper plateau and reflex range had recovered and were greater than baseline (6% to 8%), and there was restoration of baroreflex gain toward the baseline value.

    “However, by week 3, the HR baroreflex upper plateau and reflex range had recovered and were greater than baseline (6% to 8%; PϽ0.05), and there was restoration of baroreflex gain toward the baseline value (Pϭ0.2; Figure 5 and Table S2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Scaled weight of the liver was significantly less in HFD rabbits than controls.

    “Interestingly, scaled weight of the liver was significantly less in HFD rabbits than controls (HFD 2.7 % vs control 3.1 %, P group = 0.01).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    After 1 week of control diet in rabbits previously fed HFD, both MAP and HR responses to air-jet stress were restored to baseline levels and were similar to responses in control rabbits.

    “After 1 week of control diet in rabbits previously fed the HFD, both the MAP and HR responses to air-jet stress were restored to baseline levels and were similar to responses in control rabbits (Figure 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    HR baroreflex curves constructed 1 week after rabbits on the HFD were returned to a normal diet were still enhanced, most notably baroreflex gain, which was 33% greater than at week 3 but not different from baseline.

    “HR baroreflex curves constructed 1 week after rabbits on the HFD were returned to a normal diet were still enhanced, most notably baroreflex gain, which was 33% greater than at week 3 (PϽ0.001)but not different from baseline (Table S2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    RSNA and HR baseline baroreflex curves were sigmoidal, with resting values lying close to the lower plateau.

    “RSNA and HR baseline baroreflex curves were sigmoidal, with resting values lying close to the lower plateau.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The gain of the HR baroreflex was reduced during HFD consumption but normalized on withdrawal of the HFD.

    “The gain of the HR baroreflex was also reduced during HFD consumption but normalized on withdrawal of the HFD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Short-term HFD consumption results in alterations to the HR and RSNA baroreflexes.

    “Our data indicate that short-term HFD consumption results in alterations to the HR and RSNA baroreflexes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Left ventricular weight was 11% greater in rabbits previously fed HFD than controls.

    “Although left ventricular weight was 11 % greater in rabbits previously fed a HFD than controls (HFD 4.6 g vs control 4.2 g, P group = 0.01)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Weights of kidneys and adrenal glands were similar in both treatment groups.

    “The weights of kidneys and adrenal glands were similar in both treatment groups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    RSNA, HR, MAP, plasma insulin, and plasma leptin increase in the first week of a high-fat, high-calorie diet in conscious rabbits.

    “RSNA, HR, MAP, plasma insulin, and plasma leptin increase in the first week of a high-fat, high-calorie diet in conscious rabbits.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Over the 3 weeks of fat feeding, rabbits developed an increase in adipose tissue mass distributed across perirenal, mesenteric, testicular, bladder white adipose tissue depots and brown adipose tissue depots, which was maintained after 1 week of normal diet.

    “Over the 3 weeks of fat feeding, rabbits developed an increase in adipose tissue mass distributed across perirenal, mesenteric, testicular, bladder white adipose tissue depots (P group Ͻ0.001), and brown adipose tissue depots (P group Ͻ0.01), which was maintained after 1 week of normal diet.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There was initially an attenuation of the HR baroreflex at week 1, with an elevation of the lower plateau and reductions in reflex range and gain compared with baseline.

    “There was initially an attenuation of the curve at week 1, with an elevation of the lower plateau and reductions in reflex range and gain compared with baseline (Figure 5 and Table S2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The MAP, HR, or RSNA response to hypoxia was not different from controls in HFD rabbits.

    “the MAP, HR, or RSNA response to hypoxia was not different from controls”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Rabbits consuming the HFD ingested approximately 200 kcal per day more than controls, representing a 40% to 60% increase above basal energy intake.

    “Rabbits consuming the HFD ingested Ϸ200 kcal per day more than controls, which represents a 40% to 60% increase above basal energy intake.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    At baseline, rabbits in control and HFD groups showed characteristic pressor (+4.5±0.4 mm Hg), tachycardic (+18±1 beats/min), and sympathoexcitatory (+2.5±0.3 normalized units) responses to hypoxia.

    “At the baseline experiment, rabbits in control (nϭ10) and HFD (nϭ13) groups showed characteristic pressor (ϩ4.5Ϯ0.4 mm Hg), tachycardic (ϩ18Ϯ1 beats • min Ϫ1 ), and sympathoexcitatory (ϩ2.5Ϯ0.3 normalized units) responses to hypoxia.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Insulin and leptin return to normal when the high-fat diet is withdrawn.

    “but insulin and leptin return to normal.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The reduction in stress response is not habituation for MAP or HR, because the response to air-jet stress returned to baseline levels on withdrawal of the HFD.

    “This reduction in response is not habituation for MAP or HR at least, because the response to air-jet stress returned to baseline levels on withdrawal of the HFD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Weight loss is associated with reactivation of the baroreflex.

    “weight loss is associated with reactivation of the baroreflex, 14”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Increased cardiovascular responses to emotional stress are pivotal in the development of hypertension.

    “A number of studies implicate increased cardiovascular responses to emotional stress as being pivotal in the development of hypertension.28,29”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [28] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [29] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    There is a decrease in baroreceptor sensitivity in patients with long-term obstructive sleep apnea.

    “There is also a decrease in baroreceptor sensitivity in patients with long-term obstructive sleep apnea.38”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Sympathetic drive is increased rapidly on consumption of a high-calorie diet and is central to obesity-related hypertension.

    “supporting the hypothesis that sympathetic drive is increased rapidly on consumption of a high calorie diet and is central to obesity-related hypertension.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The relationship among insulin, leptin, and MAP appears more complex than previously reported because the rising trend of MAP follows that of insulin and leptin during the onset of obesity but does not appear to hold after withdrawal of HFD.

    “The relationship among insulin, leptin, and MAP appears more complex than we have reported previously, 9 because the rising trend of MAP follows that of insulin and leptin during the onset of obesity but does not appear to hold after the withdrawal of HFD, where plasma leptin and insulin concentrations fall rapidly but MAP and RSNA remain high.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Repeated episodes of hypoxia, either from obstructive sleep apnea or experimental induction, result in elevation of blood pressure and altered metabolic function.

    “Repeated episodes of hypoxia, either occurring as a result of obstructive sleep apnea 35 or because of experimental induction, both result in elevation of blood pressure 36 and altered metabolic function.37”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [35] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [36] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [37] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    A feed-forward sympathoexcitatory mechanism involving activation of nonbaroreceptor-dependent RSNA may be responsible for the increase in RSNA rather than an impaired baroreflex.

    “it appears that a feed-forward sympathoexcitatory mechanism involving activation of nonbaroreceptor-dependent RSNA may be responsible for the increase in RSNA rather than an impaired baroreflex.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This phase of obesity-related hypertension is associated with alterations in the baroreflex, but stress and chemoreflex pathways do not appear to be involved.

    “This phase of obesity-related hypertension is associated with alterations in the baroreflex, but stress and chemoreflex pathways do not appear to be involved.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The first 3 weeks of HFD in rabbits correspond to the early phase of human obesity-related hypertension.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The fall in hemodynamic factors after HFD withdrawal may be related to plasma insulin and glucose concentrations, which return to baseline within 1 week of recovery.

    “may be more likely related to plasma insulin and glucose concentrations, which also return to baseline within 1 week of recovery from the HFD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The dorsomedial hypothalamus is pivotal in the transduction of the stress response.

    “We have shown previously that the dorsomedial hypothalamus is pivotal in the transduction of the stress response.30”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Obese humans demonstrate an exacerbated cardiovascular and sympathetic response to mental and cold pressor stressors.

    “It is also reported that obese humans demonstrate an exacerbated cardiovascular and sympathetic response to mental and cold pressor stressors.13”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Obesity-related hypertension is a negative adverse effect.

    “obesity-related hypertension is a negative adverse effect.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Elevation in subcutaneous adiposity does not alter the baroreflex.

    “elevation in subcutaneous adiposity does not alter the baroreflex.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Activation of the baroreflex by exogenous electric stimulation of carotid sinus baroreceptors in obese hypertensive dogs results in a reduction in MAP, HR, and plasma norepinephrine concentrations.

    “activation of the baroreflex by exogenous electric stimulation of the carotid sinus baroreceptors in obese hypertensive dogs results in a reduction in MAP, HR, and plasma norepinephrine concentrations.32”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    During the weight gain phase, MAP and RSNA rise rapidly, but even after successfully reducing caloric intake, these individuals may retain elevated RSNA and MAP.

    “During the weight gain phase, MAP and RSNA rise rapidly, but even after successfully reducing caloric intake, these individuals may retain elevated RSNA and MAP.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Findings in rabbits can be generalized to humans in weight gain and acute dieting cycles.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Elevated sympathetic drive and impaired baroreflex function appear integral to the rapid development of obesity-related hypertension.

    “Elevated sympathetic drive and impaired baroreflex function appear integral to the rapid development of obesity-related hypertension.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
45 of 45

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The observed effects of high-fat diet in rabbits are attributable to caloric load rather than high fat content per se.

    “RSNA, HR, MAP, plasma insulin, and plasma leptin increase in the first week of a high-fat, high-calorie diet in conscious rabbits.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Findings in rabbits can be generalized to humans in weight gain and acute dieting cycles.

    “this has implications for cardiovascular health in people who are constantly in a cycle of weight gain and acute dieting to reduce body weight.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The air-jet stress and hypoxia protocols adequately model emotional stress and chemoreflex activation in the context of obesity-related hypertension.

    “Our finding of invariant cardiovascular responses to air-jet stress between HFD and control animals”
    “the MAP, HR, or RSNA response to hypoxia was not different from controls”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The first 3 weeks of HFD in rabbits correspond to the early phase of human obesity-related hypertension.

    “early in the development of obesity-related hypertension”
    “early phase of obesity-related hypertension”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • In rabbits, renal sympathetic nerve activity increases within a few days of starting a high-fat diet.

    “In rabbits, RSNA increases within a few days of starting an HFD155.”

    From Obesity, kidney dysfunction and hypertension: mechanistic links (2019) · cites this paper as [155]

  • Similar results of impaired baroreflexes were found in rabbits fed a high-fat diet.

    “Similar results were found in rabbits fed an HFD155.”

    From Obesity, kidney dysfunction and hypertension: mechanistic links (2019) · cites this paper as [155]

  • Cardiac and renal sympathetic nerve activity baroreflex sensitivity is depressed after rapid weight gain and in the setting of long-standing obesity in experimental animals and humans.

    “Studies in experimental animals and humans indicate that cardiac and RSNA baroreflex sensitivity is depressed after rapid weight gain and in the setting of long-standing obesity37,155,179.”

    From Obesity, kidney dysfunction and hypertension: mechanistic links (2019) · cites this paper as [155]

  • The metabolic, endocrine, cardiovascular, and renal changes caused by dietary-induced obesity in dogs and rabbits closely mimic the changes observed in obese humans.

    “The metabolic, endocrine, cardiovascular, and renal changes caused by dietary-induced obesity in these experimental animals closely mimic the changes observed in obese humans5,13–16 (Table 1).”

    From Obesity-Induced Hypertension: Interaction of Neurohumoral and Renal Mechanisms (2015) · cites this paper as [14]

  • In rabbits, these changes appeared as soon as 1 week after starting the high fat diet and were sustained after 3 weeks.

    “Indeed, these changes appeared as soon a 1 week after starting the high fat diet and sustained after 3 weeks (20).”

    From Obesity-Associated Hypertension: Recent Progress in Deciphering the Pathogenesis (2014) · cites this paper as [20]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Stress pathways described as unchanged despite reduced stress responses

    Minor

    The summary says stress pathways are unchanged, but the results report substantial reductions in the blood-pressure, heart-rate, and RSNA responses to air-jet stress during the high-fat diet.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. 10.1016/s0895-7061(98)00231-3 · DOI

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Armitage, J. A., Burke, S. L., Prior, L. J., Barzel, B., Eikelis, N., Lim, K., & Head, G. A.
Affiliations
Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (AU)
ORCID
Venue
Hypertension
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2012-07
Volume
60
Issue
1
Pages
163-171
ISSN
  • 0194-911X (ISSN-L)
  • 1524-4563
DOI
10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.190413
OpenAlex
W2097213658
Semantic Scholar
5e2b7e3b4c640985cab74741b71ad3b25671cbf7
Cited by
115
References
38
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 2
FWCI
10.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Hypertension (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
State Government of Victoria
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
Keywords
renal sympathetic nerve activity, high-fat diet, obesity-related hypertension, baroreflex sensitivity, hypoxia response, leptin, insulin, energy intake, arterial pressure, heart rate, hypothalamic neurons, dietary fat
MeSH terms
Analysis of Variance, Animals, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Body Weight, Dietary Fats, Heart Rate, Hypertension, Insulin, Kidney, Male, Obesity, Rabbits, Sympathetic Nervous System, Time Factors, Baroreflex, Leptin, Adiposity, Diet, High-Fat

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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