The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Hierarchical Mixtures of Experts and the EM Algorithm
Abstract
We present a tree-structured architecture for supervised learning. The statistical model underlying the architecture is a hierarchical mixture model in which both the mixture coefficients and the mixture components are generalized linear models (GLIM's). Learning is treated as a maximum likelihood problem; in particular, we present an Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm for adjusting the parameters of the architecture. We also develop an on-line learning algorithm in which the parameters are updated incrementally. Comparative simulation results are presented in the robot dynamics domain.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data Via the EM Algorithm
Dempster, A. P., Laird, N. M., & Rubin, D. B. (1977) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x · Cited by 50,444
Multilayer feedforward networks are universal approximators
Hornik, K., Stinchcombe, M., & White, H. (1989) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/0893-6080(89)90020-8 · Cited by 21,728
Quinlan, J. R. (1986) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1007/bf00116251 · Cited by 21,439
Neural Networks and the Bias/Variance Dilemma
Geman, S., Bienenstock, E., & Doursat, R. (1992) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco.1992.4.1.1 · Cited by 3,578
Cited by
Fast, sensitive and accurate integration of single-cell data with Harmony
Korsunsky, I., Millard, N., Fan, J., Slowikowski, K., Zhang, F., Wei, K., Baglaenko, Y., Brenner, M., Loh, P.-R., & Raychaudhuri, S. (2019) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-019-0619-0 · Cited by 10,488
Caruana, R. (1997) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1023/a:1007379606734 · Cited by 6,636
Rokach, L. (2010) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/s10462-009-9124-7 · Cited by 2,657
Film: Visual reasoning with a general conditioning layer
Perez, E., Strub, F., De Vries, H., Dumoulin, V., & Courville, A. (2018) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v32i1.11671 · Cited by 2,490
Ensembling neural networks: Many could be better than all
Zhou, Z.-H., Wu, J., & Tang, W. (2002) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0004-3702(02)00190-x · Cited by 1,964
Learning to detect unseen object classes by between-class attribute transfer
Lampert, C. H., Nickisch, H., & Harmeling, S. (2009) · 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2009.5206594 · Cited by 1,849
Evaluating the potential role of pleiotropy in Mendelian randomization studies
Hemani, G., Bowden, J., & Davey Smith, G. (2018) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddy163 · Cited by 1,496
EEG signal classification using wavelet feature extraction and a mixture of expert model.
SUBASI, A. (2007) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2006.02.005 · Cited by 1,182
Factorial Hidden Markov Models
Ghahramani, Z., & Jordan, M. I. (1997) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1023/a:1007425814087 · Cited by 1,157
Self-citationYuille, A. L., & Rangarajan, A. (2003) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/08997660360581958 · Cited by 1,151
A graduated assignment algorithm for graph matching
Gold, S., & Rangarajan, A. (1996) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/34.491619 · Cited by 1,090
Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity
Fedus, W., Zoph, B., & Shazeer, N. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2101.03961 · Cited by 1,005
Learn++: an incremental learning algorithm for supervised neural networks
Polikar, R., Upda, L., Upda, S. S., & Honavar, V. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews) · doi:10.1109/5326.983933 · Cited by 888
Domain Adaptation for Statistical Classifiers
Daume III, H., & Marcu, D. (2006) · Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research · doi:10.1613/jair.1872 · Cited by 816
Twenty Years of Mixture of Experts
Yuksel, S. E., Wilson, J. N., & Gader, P. D. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems · doi:10.1109/tnnls.2012.2200299 · Cited by 606
Human sensorimotor learning: adaptation, skill, and beyond
Krakauer, J. W., & Mazzoni, P. (2011) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2011.06.012 · Cited by 558
A Survey on Ensemble Learning for Data Stream Classification
Gomes, H. M., Barddal, J. P., Enembreck, F., & Bifet, A. (2018) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3054925 · Cited by 579
Caruana, R. (1998) · Learning to Learn · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5529-2_5 · Cited by 577
Optimal Linear Combinations of Neural Networks
Hashem, S. (1997) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/s0893-6080(96)00098-6 · Cited by 499
Hoefler, T., Alistarh, D., Ben-Nun, T., Dryden, N., & Peste, A. (2021) · ETH Zurich · doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000519202 · Cited by 423
Model-based learning for mobile robot navigation from the dynamical systems perspective
Tani, J. (1996) · IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics) · doi:10.1109/3477.499793 · Cited by 335
Nessler, B., Pfeiffer, M., Buesing, L., & Maass, W. (2013) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003037 · Cited by 281
DeepSeekMoE: Towards Ultimate Expert Specialization in Mixture-of-Experts Language Models
Dai, D., Deng, C., Zhao, C., Xu, R. X., Gao, H., Chen, D., Li, J., Zeng, W., Yu, X., Wu, Y., et al. (2024) · Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · doi:10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.70 · Cited by 291
An interactive framework for whole-brain maps at cellular resolution
Fürth, D., Vaissière, T., Tzortzi, O., Xuan, Y., Märtin, A., Lazaridis, I., Spigolon, G., Fisone, G., Tomer, R., Deisseroth, K., et al. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0027-7 · Cited by 215
ERNIE 3.0: Large-scale Knowledge Enhanced Pre-training for Language Understanding and Generation
Sun, Y., Wang, S., Feng, S., Ding, S., Pang, C., Shang, J., Liu, J., Chen, X., Zhao, Y., Lu, Y., et al. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2107.02137 · Cited by 186
Bayesian decision theory as a model of human visual perception: Testing Bayesian transfer
MALONEY, L. T., & MAMASSIAN, P. (2009) · Visual Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/s0952523808080905 · Cited by 180
Bayesian Methods for Neural Networks and Related Models
Titterington, D. M. (2004) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/088342304000000099 · Cited by 162
Hierarchical MOSAIC for movement generation.
Haruno, M., Wolpert, D. M., & Kawato, M. (2003) · International Congress Series · doi:10.1016/s0531-5131(03)00190-0 · Cited by 132
Model averaging, optimal inference, and habit formation
FitzGerald, T. H. B., Dolan, R. J., & Friston, K. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00457 · Cited by 121
Henry, K. E., Adams, R., Parent, C., Soleimani, H., Sridharan, A., Johnson, L., Hager, D. N., Cosgrove, S. E., Markowski, A., Klein, E. Y., et al. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01895-z · Cited by 144
Human VMPFC encodes early signatures of confidence in perceptual decisions
Gherman, S., & Philiastides, M. G. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.38293 · Cited by 107
Modeling Ambiguity, Subjectivity, and Diverging Viewpoints in Opinion Question Answering Systems
Wan, M., & McAuley, J. (2016) · 2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM) · doi:10.1109/icdm.2016.0060 · Cited by 92
Hemani, G., Bowden, J., Haycock, P., Zheng, J., Davis, O., Flach, P., Gaunt, T., & Smith, G. D. (2017) · doi:10.1101/173682 · Cited by 85
Augmenting Self-attention with Persistent Memory
Sukhbaatar, S., Grave, E., Lample, G., Jegou, H., & Joulin, A. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1907.01470 · Cited by 75
Mathematical Modelling as a Tool for Optimized PHA Production
Novak, M. (2015) · Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly · doi:10.15255/cabeq.2014.2101 · Cited by 65
Consistent Estimators for Learning to Defer to an Expert
Mozannar, H., & Sontag, D. (2020) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.01862 · Cited by 61
A Survey: Collaborative Hardware and Software Design in the Era of Large Language Models
Guo, C., Cheng, F., Du, Z., Kiessling, J., Ku, J., Li, S., Li, Z., Ma, M., Molom-Ochir, T., Morris, B., et al. (2025) · IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcas.2024.3476008 · Cited by 32
Zhang, K., Zhou, X., Zhang, H., & Zuo, W. (2015) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24075-6_65 · Cited by 24
Huo, Z., PakBin, A., Chen, X., Hurley, N., Yuan, Y., Qian, X., Wang, Z., Huang, S., & Mortazavi, B. (2020) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2003.01753 · Cited by 10
Colas, J. T., O’Doherty, J. P., & Grafton, S. T. (2024) · PLOS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011950 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Jordan, M. I., & Jacobs, R. A.
- Venue
- Neural Computation
- Publisher
- MIT Press
- Published
- 1994-03
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 181-214
- ISSN
- 0899-7667 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-888X
- OpenAlex
- W2025653905
- Cited by
- 2,673
- References
- 4
- FWCI
- 76.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.