Cited by 210Diet and metabolism studiesDietary Effects on HealthDiet, Metabolism, and Disease

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Dietary carbohydrate restriction improves metabolic syndrome independent of weight loss

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Hyde, Parker N., Sapper, Teryn N., Crabtree, Christopher D., LaFountain, Richard A., Bowling, Madison L., Buga, Alex, Fell, Brandon, McSwiney, Fionn T., Dickerson, Ryan M., Miller, Vincent J., Scandling, Debbie, Simonetti, Orlando P., Phinney, Stephen D., Kraemer, William J., King, Sarah A., Krauss, Ronald M., Volek, Jeff S.·2019·JCI Insight

DOI 10.1172/jci.insight.128308PMC PMC6629108

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Abstract

BACKGROUNDMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is highly correlated with obesity and cardiovascular risk, but the importance of dietary carbohydrate independent of weight loss in MetS treatment remains controversial. Here, we test the theory that dietary carbohydrate intolerance (i.e., the inability to process carbohydrate in a healthy manner) rather than obesity per se is a fundamental feature of MetS.METHODSIndividuals who were obese with a diagnosis of MetS were fed three 4-week weight-maintenance diets that were low, moderate, and high in carbohydrate. Protein was constant and fat was exchanged isocalorically for carbohydrate across all diets.RESULTSDespite maintaining body mass, low-carbohydrate (LC) intake enhanced fat oxidation and was more effective in reversing MetS, especially high triglycerides, low HDL-C, and the small LDL subclass phenotype. Carbohydrate restriction also improved abnormal fatty acid composition, an emerging MetS feature. Despite containing 2.5 times more saturated fat than the high-carbohydrate diet, an LC diet decreased plasma total saturated fat and palmitoleate and increased arachidonate.CONCLUSIONConsistent with the perspective that MetS is a pathologic state that manifests as dietary carbohydrate intolerance, these results show that compared with eucaloric high-carbohydrate intake, LC/high-fat diets benefit MetS independent of whole-body or fat mass.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02918422.FUNDINGDairy Management Inc. and the Dutch Dairy Association.

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Authors: Hyde, P. N., Sapper, T. N., Crabtree, C. D., LaFountain, R. A., Bowling, M. L., Buga, A., Fell, B., McSwiney, F. T., Dickerson, R. M., Miller, V. J., Scandling, D., Simonetti, O. P., Phinney, S. D., Kraemer, W. J., King, S. A., Krauss, R. M., & Volek, J. S.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Waterford Institute of Technology (IE)
The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (US)
Virta Health, San Francisco, California, USA.
Department of Atherosclerosis Research, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA.
Corresponding author: Volek, Jeff S.
ORCID: Hyde, Parker N.
Sapper, Teryn N.
Crabtree, Christopher D.
LaFountain, Richard A.
Buga, Alex
McSwiney, Fionn T.
Dickerson, Ryan M.
Miller, Vincent J.
Simonetti, Orlando P.
Phinney, Stephen D.
Kraemer, William J.
Krauss, Ronald M.
Volek, Jeff S.
Venue: JCI Insight
Publisher: American Society for Clinical Investigation
Published: 2019-06-20
Volume: 4
Issue: 12
ISSN: 2379-3708 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128308
PMC: PMC6629108
OpenAlex: W2952929143
Cited by: 210
References: 54
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 8
FWCI: 19.88
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Locations: JCI Insight (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Dairy Management Inc (GRT00036921)
Dutch Dairy Association (GRT00036921)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Diet and metabolism studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
Keywords: metabolic syndrome, carbohydrate restriction, low-carbohydrate diet, weight-maintenance diet, obesity, fat oxidation, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, fatty acid composition, saturated fat, palmitoleic acid, arachidonic acid, carbohydrate intolerance
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Female, Humans, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid, Weight Loss, Arachidonic Acid, Cross-Over Studies, Metabolic Syndrome

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Dietary carbohydrate restriction improves metabolic syndrome independent of weight loss

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