Phenotype and kinetics of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome
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Abstract
Peptide pool stimulation enables longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2–specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients.
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Using HLA class I and II predicted peptide megapools, circulating SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were identified in COVID-19 acute, mild and convalescent patients.
“Using HLA class I and II predicted peptide “megapools,” circulating SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were identified in COVID-19 acute, mild and convalescent patients [110, 118-125].”
From Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition) (2021) · cites this paper as [119]
Responding CD4+ and CD8+ T cells predominantly produced effector and Th1 cytokines, although Th2 and Th17 cytokines were also detected.
“predominantly produced effector and Th1 cytokines, although Th2 and Th17 cytokines were also detected [119, 126]”
From Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition) (2021) · cites this paper as [119]
Th1 cells producing interferon-γ arise during acute infection, and a Th1-biased response has been proposed to associate with milder disease.
“Interferon-γ (IFNγ)-producing T helper 1 cells (TH1 cells) are produced during acute infection, and it has been suggested that this TH1 cell-biased phenotype is associated with less severe disease24,49”
From Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans (2021) · cites this paper as [49]
VAERD has generally not occurred when a Th1-biased CD4+ response, marked by increased IFNγ, IL-2, and TNF, is induced.
“By contrast, VAERD has not usually occurred if a TH1 cell-biased CD4+ T cell response is elicited, reflected by increased levels of interferon-γ (IFNγ), IL-2 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)44–46,49.”
From Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans (2021) · cites this paper as [49]
Detection of cross-reactive T cells via the AIM assay was previously described.
“Detection of cross-reactive T cells via the AIM assay was previously described (7, 11, 72).”
From SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern partially escape humoral but not T cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent donors and vaccine recipients (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells can be detected as early as days 2-4 post-symptom onset.
“SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells can be detected as early as days 2–4 post-symptom onset (PSO) (Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020; Tan et al., 2020a; Weiskopf et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Weiskopf et al., 2020
IL-22 is robustly expressed by SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells.
“In contrast, IL-22, which can also be made by mucosal CD4+ T cells, appears to be robustly expressed by SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells (Grifoni et al., 2020; Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020; Weiskopf et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Weiskopf et al., 2020
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- Authors
- Weiskopf, D., Schmitz, K. S., Raadsen, M. P., Grifoni, A., Okba, N. M. A., Endeman, H., van den Akker, J. P. C., Molenkamp, R., Koopmans, M. P. G., van Gorp, E. C. M., Haagmans, B. L., de Swart, R. L., Sette, A., & de Vries, R. D.
- Affiliations
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology (US)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science Immunology
- Published
- 2020-06-26
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 48
- ISSN
- 2470-9468 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7319493
- OpenAlex
- W3037718428
- Cited by
- 907
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 183 · 2021: 339 · 2020: 180 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 26.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Science Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (75N9301900065)
- European Union’s Horizon 2020 (874735)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, acute respiratory distress syndrome, SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells, T cell kinetics, spike protein, Th1 cytokines, Th17 cytokines, Th2 cytokines, disease severity, immunopathology, vaccine design
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Aged, Cells, Cultured, Female, Humans, Immunologic Memory, Kinetics, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Phenotype, Pneumonia, Viral, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Severity of Illness Index, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Cytokines, Coronavirus Infections, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Viral Load, Pandemics, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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