First-dose mRNA vaccination is sufficient to reactivate immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 in subjects who have recovered from COVID-19
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Abstract
The characterization of the adaptive immune response to COVID-19 vaccination in individuals who recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection may define current and future clinical practice. To determine the effect of the 2-dose BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination schedule in individuals who recovered from COVID-19 (COVID-19-recovered subjects) compared with naive subjects, we evaluated SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific T and B cell responses, as well as specific IgA, IgG, IgM, and neutralizing antibodies titers in 22 individuals who received the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, 11 of whom had a previous history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Evaluations were performed before vaccination and then weekly until 7 days after second injection. Data obtained clearly showed that one vaccine dose is sufficient to increase both cellular and humoral immune response in COVID-19-recovered subjects without any additional improvement after the second dose. On the contrary, the second dose proved mandatory in naive subjects to further enhance the immune response. These findings were further confirmed at the serological level in a larger cohort of naive (n = 68) and COVID-19-recovered (n = 29) subjects, tested up to 50 days after vaccination. These results question whether a second vaccine injection in COVID-19-recovered subjects is required, and indicate that millions of vaccine doses may be redirected to naive individuals, thus shortening the time to reach herd immunity.
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mRNA vaccines induce robust germinal center responses in humans, resulting in memory B cells specific for full-length spike and RBD.
“mRNA vaccines induce robust germinal center responses in humans (14, 15), which result in memory B cells that are specific for both the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) (16–18).”
From mRNA vaccines induce durable immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
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Suppressive Monocytes Impair MAIT Cells Response via IL-10 in Patients with Severe COVID-19
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Self-citationTissue immunity to SARS‐CoV‐2: Role in protection and immunopathology*
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Persistence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG Antibodies Following COVID-19 Vaccines
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Architecture of the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell repertoire
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Role of IgM Memory B Cells and Spleen Function in COVID-19
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Recurring SARS-CoV-2 variants: an update on post-pandemic, co-infections and immune response
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Humoral and cellular immunity against diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants
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The megakaryocyte: a cell with 3 faces as a mythic god?
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Study of Naturally-derived Biomolecules as Therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 Viral Spike Protein
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SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine-induced immune responses in rheumatoid arthritis
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The Journal of Clinical Investigation in the time of COVID-19
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Cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 after natural infection and/or different vaccination regimens
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- Authors
- Mazzoni, A., Di Lauria, N., Maggi, L., Salvati, L., Vanni, A., Capone, M., Lamacchia, G., Mantengoli, E., Spinicci, M., Zammarchi, L., Kiros, S. T., Rocca, A., Lagi, F., Colao, M. G., Parronchi, P., Scaletti, C., Turco, L., Liotta, F., Rossolini, G. M., Cosmi, L., Bartoloni, A., & Annunziato, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Florence (IT)
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Annunziato, Francesco
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 2021-06-15
- Volume
- 131
- Issue
- 12
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-8238
- PMC
- PMC8203460
- OpenAlex
- W3133819496
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 45
- FWCI
- 9.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- University of Florence (RICTD2122)
- Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (Excellence Departments 2018-2022)
- Regione Toscana (TagSARS CoV 2)
- Ministero della Salute (COVID-2020-12371849)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 vaccination, BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 recovery, first-dose vaccination, immunological memory, spike-specific T cells, B cells, neutralizing antibodies, antibody titers, vaccine dose optimization, herd immunity
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, BNT162 Vaccine, Adult, Aged, Antibodies, Viral, Female, Humans, Immunologic Memory, Male, Middle Aged, Immunity, Humoral, Antibodies, Neutralizing
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