SARS-CoV-2 human T cell epitopes: Adaptive immune response against COVID-19
Open accessAbstract
Over the past year, numerous studies in the peer reviewed and preprint literature have reported on the virological, epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. To date, 25 studies have investigated and identified SARS-CoV-2-derived T cell epitopes in humans. Here, we review these recent studies, how they were performed, and their findings. We review how epitopes identified throughout the SARS-CoV2 proteome reveal significant correlation between number of epitopes defined and size of the antigen provenance. We also report additional analysis of SARS-CoV-2 human CD4 and CD8 T cell epitope data compiled from these studies, identifying 1,400 different reported SARS-CoV-2 epitopes and revealing discrete immunodominant regions of the virus and epitopes that are more prevalently recognized. This remarkable breadth of epitope repertoire has implications for vaccine design, cross-reactivity, and immune escape by SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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The spike protein has been found to contain multiple cytotoxic and helper T cell epitopes.
“Moreover, as the spike protein has been found to contain multiple cytotoxic and helper T cell epitopes, it will be important that as many of these as possible are included in future vaccine preparations 89 .”
From The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants (2021) · cites this paper as [89]
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Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid and Spike T-Cell Epitopes for Assessing T-Cell Immunity
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Self-citationThe Immune Epitope Database: How Data Are Entered and Retrieved
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The Human Leukocyte Antigen Class II Immunopeptidome of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein
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Cutting Edge: Mouse SARS-CoV-2 Epitope Reveals Infection and Vaccine-Elicited CD8 T Cell Responses
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SARS-CoV-2 infected cells present HLA-I peptides from canonical and out-of-frame ORFsPreprint
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Diagnosis and Tracking of SARS-CoV-2 Infection By T-Cell Receptor SequencingPreprint
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Author Correction: Pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2: the knowns and unknowns
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SARS-CoV-2 elicits robust adaptive immune responses regardless of disease severityPreprint
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The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants
Tao, K., Tzou, P. L., Nouhin, J., Gupta, R. K., de Oliveira, T., Kosakovsky Pond, S. L., Fera, D., & Shafer, R. W. (2021) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-021-00408-x · Cited by 1,009 · see citing works
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Self-citationSARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in infection and vaccination
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In search of a pan-coronavirus vaccine: next-generation vaccine design and immune mechanisms
Cankat, S., Demael, M. U., & Swadling, L. (2023) · Cellular & Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-023-01116-8 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
- Authors
- Grifoni, A., Sidney, J., Vita, R., Peters, B., Crotty, S., Weiskopf, D., & Sette, A.
- Affiliations
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sette, Alessandro
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell Host & Microbe
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-07
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1076-1092
- ISSN
- 1931-3128 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8139264
- OpenAlex
- W3165440876
- Cited by
- 314
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 119 · 2021: 24
- FWCI
- 6.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2022-12-14)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Host & Microbe (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (75N9301900065, 75N93019C00001)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, T cell epitopes, COVID-19 pandemic, adaptive immune response, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, immunodominant epitopes, vaccine design, cross-reactivity, immune evasion, viral variants
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Epitopes, Antigens, Viral, Cross Reactions, Humans, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Immunodominant Epitopes, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte, Adaptive Immunity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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