Circadian rhythm disturbances in depression
Open accessAbstract
Objective: The aim of this article is to review progress in understanding the mechanisms that underlie circadian and sleep rhythms, and their role in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression. Methods: Literature was selected principally by Medline searches, and additional reports were identified based on ongoing research activities in the authors' laboratory. Results: Many physiological processes show circadian rhythms of activity. Sleep and waking are the most obvious circadian rhythms in mammals. There is considerable evidence that circadian and sleep disturbances are important in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Depressed patients often show altered circadian rhythms, sleep disturbances, and diurnal mood variation. Chronotherapies, including bright light exposure, sleep deprivation, and social rhythm therapies, may be useful adjuncts in non‐seasonal and seasonal depression. Antidepressant drugs have marked effects on circadian processes and sleep. Conclusions: Recent progress in understanding chronobiological and sleep regulation mechanisms may provide novel insights and avenues into the development of new pharmacological and behavioral treatment strategies for mood disorders. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Most successful treatments of depression, including bright light therapy, wake therapy, social rhythm therapy, and antidepressants such as SSRIs, SNRIs, and agomelatine, directly affect circadian rhythms.
“Most successful treatments of depression, bright light therapy, wake therapy, social rhythm therapy, and antidepressants (SSRIs, SNRIS, and agomelatine) directly affect circadian rhythms83.”
From Circadian rhythm disruption and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [83]
The sections “Chronotherapies for depression” and “Effects of antidepressant treatments on circadian and sleep rhythms” describe circadian effects of light therapy, a circadian target for social rhythm therapy, and phase advances with agomelatine. They also say wake therapy’s benefits generally disappear after recovery sleep, social rhythm therapy’s efficacy has not been evaluated in unipolar depression, and evidence is limited that circadian processes mediate the effects of SSRIs and SNRIs. Thus the paper supports a relationship between these treatments and circadian or sleep rhythms, but not the unqualified claim that all are successful depression treatments that directly affect circadian rhythms. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe improvement in both groups can be explained by non-specific treatment effects such as the structure offered by the study, interaction with the researchers, or increased awareness and self-care resulting from participating in the study.
“Second, the improvement in both groups can be explained by non-specific treatment effects such the structure offered by the study,43 the interaction with the researchers or increased awareness and self-care resulting from participating in the study.”
From Effects of bright light therapy for depression during pregnancy: a randomised, double-blind controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
The 'Circadian hypotheses of depression' section links regular social rhythms with reduced depressive symptoms, and 'Chronotherapies for depression' describes therapy aimed at stabilizing routines. Neither passage addresses whether the structure of participating in a study could produce nonspecific improvement in both groups; the copy also does not address researcher interaction or increased self-care as explanations. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSubsequent studies examining the role of the SCN in regulating depressive-like behavior have reached the opposite conclusion using animals with an intact SCN.
“subsequent studies examining the role of the SCN in regulating depressive-like behavior have reached the opposite conclusion utilizing animals with an intact SCN83,84.”
From Circadian rhythm disruption and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [83]
The ‘Central and peripheral oscillators’ section describes how SCN lesions and transplants affect circadian rhythms, but does not report studies of depressive-like behavior in animals with an intact SCN. Searches for intact-SCN animal studies and depressive-like behavior found no passage addressing the claimed opposite conclusion; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPMDD women experience a phase-advance of circadian rhythms similar to what is observed in MDD.
“Lending further support to the idea that PMDD women experience a phase-advance of circadian rhythms similar to what is observed in MDD [108], these women also experienced a tendency for phase-advanced CBT rhythms as well as significantly advanced melatonin and TSH when compared with controls (Table 2).”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [108]
The relationships between depression and circadian rhythms in behavior and physiology are probably bidirectional.
“The relationships between depression and circadian rhythms in behavior and physiology are probably bidirectional”
From Digital Biomarkers for Depression Screening With Wearable Devices: Cross-sectional Study With Machine Learning Modeling (2021) · cites this paper as [64]
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- Authors
- Germain, A., & Kupfer, D. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Germain, Anne
- Venue
- Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-08-05
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 571-585
- ISSN
- 0885-6222 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-1077
- PMC
- PMC2612129
- OpenAlex
- W2104247936
- Cited by
- 644
- References
- 222
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 2.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R25MH060473)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- circadian rhythm, depression, sleep disorders, chronotherapy, bright light therapy, sleep deprivation, seasonal affective disorder, antidepressants, chronobiology, mood disorders
- MeSH terms
- Depression, Humans, Chronobiology Disorders
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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