Affective symptoms associated with the onset of major depression in the community: findings from the US National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program
Abstract
This study examined the strength of relationships between forms of depressive symptoms over a one‐year period and the onset of major depression. The data analyzed were collected in 4 sites of the US National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program (NIMH‐ECA, 1981–1985). The Diagnostic Interview Schedule's specifications of DSM‐III criteria for major depression were employed. Overall, the results indicated a strong positive association between an onset episode and the following depressive symptoms over 1 year: diminished sexual drive, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt and trouble concentrating or thinking. Sleep disturbance among women and fatigue among males were also significantly associated with experiencing an onset of major depression. The implications of the findings for secondary prevention efforts are explored.
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Sleep disturbance is one of the first clinical signs of a depressive disorder.
“or is one of the first clinical signs of a depressive disorder (Dryman and Eaton, 1991).”
From Sleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity (2017) · cites this paper as Dryman and Eaton, 1991
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BackgroundPrevalence, Correlates, and Predictors of Insomnia in the US Army prior to Deployment
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“These findings are consistent with studies examining risk associated with specific subthreshold symptoms and onset of MDD in adults (Dryman and Eaton, 1991; Eaton et al., 1995; Roberts et al., 2000).”
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Chronic Insomnia: Clinical and Research Challenges - An Agenda
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“Self-reports of anhedonia predict the onset of major depression 1 year later (Dryman & Eaton, 1991), and undergraduate students and individuals with histories of depression report individual differences in hedonic capacity that are stable across long periods of time (Clark, Fawcett, Salazar-Grueso,…”
BackgroundInsomnia in relation to depression and anxiety: Epidemiologic considerations
Soldatos, C. R. (1994) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90130-9 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
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Are Sleep Difficulties Associated With Migraine Attributable to Anxiety and Depression?
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“For example, sleep problems were found to herald the onset of depression in a prospective study of a large population-based cohort by Dryman et al.47 Confirmation of these findings in other samples generated systematic intervention studies of sleep problems to reduce the incidence of episodes of major depression.48 Ho…”
ResultTaylor, D. J., Peterson, A. L., Pruiksma, K. E., Young‐McCaughan, S., Nicholson, K. L., & Mintz, J. (2017) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx075 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Prodromal stage of major depression
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Sleep and Its Disorders in Seniors
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“These results are also consistent with the literature on MDD clinical features as predictors of onset among adults (Dryman and Eaton, 1991; Horwath et al., 1992).”
BackgroundResultThe role of disturbed sleep in the early recognition of bipolar disorder: a systematic review
Ritter, P. S., Marx, C., Bauer, M., Lepold, K., & Pfennig, A. (2011) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00917.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“A study by Dryman and Eaton (45) similarly investigated new onset depression in a large cohort and found that sleep disturbances (as defined by sleep questions in the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-III), in otherwise well adults, predicted depression only in females (OR = 9.4) but not in males (OR = 1.3).”
BackgroundInfluentialLiu, W., Roiser, J. P., Wang, L.-Z., Zhu, Y.-H., Huang, J., Neumann, D. L., Shum, D., Cheung, E. F. C., & Chan, R. C. K. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.050 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Anhedonia is often prodromal to major depression (Dryman and Eaton, 1991), can be relatively stable across episodes (Oquendo et al.”
BackgroundSleep as a Therapeutic Target in the Aging Brain
Bah, T. M., Goodman, J. R., & Iliff, J. J. (2019) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-019-00769-6 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
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Quality of sleep during economic recession in Finland: A longitudinal cohort study
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Fatigue and psychiatric disorder: different or the same?
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“In contrast, Dryman & Eaton (1991) using the ECA dataset, found that fatigue predicted the onset of depression over the following year.”
MethodDiagnosis, prevalence, pathways, consequences & treatment of insomnia.
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Depression and Sleep Disorders: Clinical Relevance, Economic Burden and Pharmacological Treatment
Brunello, N., Armitage, R., Feinberg, I., Holsboer‐Trachsler, E., Léger, D., Linkowski, P., Mendelson, W. B., Racagni, G., Saletu, B., Sharpley, A. L., et al. (2000) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000026680 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Anhedonia and major depression: The role of agomelatine
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“Different studies have found that anhedonia can precede the onset of a depressive episode (Dryman and Eaton, 1991), influence its severity, predicts poor outcome 12 months later (Spijker et al.”
BackgroundDoes Effective Management of Sleep Disorders Reduce Depressive Symptoms and the Risk of Depression?
Riemann, D. W. (2009) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/11531130-000000000-00000 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Dryman and Eaton 1991([8]) ‡18 9295 5.”
MethodInfluentialArnaldo, I., Corcoran, A. W., Friston, K. J., & Ramstead, M. J. D. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104590 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“These plastic changes would explain anhedonic symptomatology that often precedes depressive episodes and characterizes melancholic depression (Dryman and Eaton, 1991).”
Propagation of major depressive disorder: Relationship between first episode symptoms and recurrence
Pettit, J. W., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Joiner, T. E. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.07.022 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Other studies have investigated the predictive ability of subsyndromal depressive symptoms forMDDonset, reporting that up to seven of the nine DSM MDD criteria are subsyndromal risk factors for MDD onset (Dryman and Eaton, 1991; Eaton et al., 1995; Hadjiyannakis et al., 2005).”
Multimodal Investigations of Reward Circuitry and Anhedonia in Adolescent Depression
Ely, B. A., Nguyen, T. N. B., Tobe, R. H., Walker, A., & Gabbay, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.678709 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“In adolescents, anhedonia often presents as a prodromal symptom prior to the onset of well-defined psychopathology (40, 41) and is associated with less favorable treatment responses (42–44), including persistence of depression symptoms into adulthood (8).”
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“All major longitudinal North American psychiatric epidemiological studies confirm this finding: the Epidemiological Catchment Area study [11], the National Comorbidity Study [12], Johns Hopkins Precursor study [13], the Stirling County Study 9 [14] and those from Europe [15] and elsewhere [16].”
BackgroundMajor depression in the primary care setting
Boswell, E. B., & Stoudemire, A. (1996) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(96)00392-0 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
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Personalized medicine: Prediction of disease vulnerability in mood disorders
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Fatigue is not associated with vitamin D deficiency in inflammatory bowel disease patients
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“Previous research has shown mild psychiatric symptoms to be associated with increased risk for severe psychiatric problems at a later stage [4–7] and predictors of severe psychiatric disease [4, 5, 8, 9].”
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The Temporal Association of Depression and Anxiety in Young Men with Erectile Dysfunction
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The relationship between mood and sleep in different female reproductive states
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“In addition, the risk of developing major depression is significantly higher in patients who complain of insomnia (Breslau et al., 1996; Dryman and Eaton, 1991; Mallon et al., 2000; Weissman et al., 1997).”
BackgroundOn the comparability of pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy for chronic insomnia
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“There is a great deal of data which clearly shows that chronic insomnia is a highly prevalent problem, that it is associated with substantial medical and psychiatric morbidity, and that the costs to society are staggering [13–27].”
BackgroundSelf-disparagement as feature and forerunner of depression: Findings from the Stirling County Study
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“Anhedonia, a reduced capacity to experience pleasure, is a known prodromal symptom for various psychiatric illnesses, including depression (Dryman and Eaton, 1991) and schizophrenia (Gelber et al., 2004).”
Otago Women's Health Survey 30-Month Follow-Up
Romans, S. E., Walton, V. A., McNoe, B., Herbison, P., & Mullen, P. E. (1993) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.163.6.739 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
- Authors
- Dryman, A., & Eaton, W. W.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dryman, A.
- ORCID
- Eaton, W. W.
- Venue
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1991-07
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-5
- ISSN
- 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0447
- OpenAlex
- W2018277040
- Cited by
- 169
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 3.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (3u01mh033883-05s3)
- National Institute of Mental Health (U01 MH-33883, U01 MH34224, U01 MH 38870)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, depression onset, depressive symptoms, affective symptoms, sleep disorders, fatigue, sexual drive, guilt, worthlessness, concentration difficulties, sex differences, secondary prevention, community mental health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Catchment Area, Health, Depressive Disorder, Fatigue, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Guilt, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Self Concept, Sexual Behavior, Sex Factors, Sleep Wake Disorders, United States
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