Cited by 766School Choice and PerformanceIntergenerational and Educational Inequality StudiesParental Involvement in Education

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Lasting Consequences of the Summer Learning Gap

Alexander, Karl L., Entwisle, Doris R., Olson, Linda Steffel·2007·American Sociological Review

DOI 10.1177/000312240707200202

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Abstract

Prior research has demonstrated that summer learning rooted in family and community influences widens the achievement gap across social lines, while schooling offsets those family and community influences. In this article, we examine the long-term educational consequences of summer learning differences by family socioeconomic level. Using data from the Baltimore Beginning School Study youth panel, we decompose achievement scores at the start of high school into their developmental precursors, back to the time of school entry in 1st grade. We find that cumulative achievement gains over the first nine years of children's schooling mainly reflect school-year learning, whereas the high SES-low SES achievement gap at 9th grade mainly traces to differential summer learning over the elementary years. These early out-of-school summer learning differences, in turn, substantially account for achievement-related differences by family SES in high school track placements (college preparatory or not), high school noncompletion, and four-year college attendance. We discuss implications for understanding the bases of educational stratification, as well as educational policy and practice.

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Authors: Alexander, K. L., Entwisle, D. R., & Olson, L. S.
Affiliations: Johns Hopkins University (US)
Venue: American Sociological Review
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2007-04
Volume: 72
Issue: 2
Pages: 167-180
ISSN: 0003-1224 (ISSN-L)
1939-8271
DOI: 10.1177/000312240707200202
OpenAlex: W2166150016
Cited by: 763
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 34
FWCI: 111.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: American Sociological Review (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
Social Sciences › Education › Parental Involvement in Education
Keywords: achievement gap, family socioeconomic status, educational stratification, college preparatory programs, college attendance, educational attainment

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Lasting Consequences of the Summer Learning Gap

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