Mental Pain: A Multidimensional Operationalization and Definition
Abstract
An operationalization of mental pain is presented in three studies. The first study describes the operationalization of mental pain and the factor structure of the items produced by a content analysis of self‐reports yielding a scale with nine factors: the experience of irreversibility, loss of control, narcissistic wounds, emotional flooding, freezing, estrangement, confusion, social distancing, and emptiness. Study 2 tested the relationship between mental pain and depression and anxiety in a normal population. Study 3 focused on the relationship between mental pain and coping. Mental pain is conceptualized as a perception of negative changes in the self and its functions that are accompanied by negative feelings. It is suggested that it can be meaningfully applied to the study of different mental states, life conditions, and transitions in life.
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The Orbach & Mikulincer Mental Pain Questionnaire measures psychological pain that is dissociable from negative emotions related to depressive and anxiety disorders and is specifically associated with suicidality.
“It was chosen because psychological pain measured by this instrument is dissociable from the negative emotions related to depressive and anxiety disorders and is specifically associated with suicidality.8,11”
From “Nothing Hurts Less Than Being Dead”: Psychological Pain in Case Descriptions of Psychiatric Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide from the Netherlands: « Rien ne fait moins mal qu’être mort »: La douleur psychologique dans les descriptions de cas d’euthanasie et de suicide assisté psychiatrique aux Pays-Bas (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
Orbach et al. operationalized psychological pain in 9 dimensions: lack of control, irreversibility of pain, emotional flooding, estrangement, confusion, social distancing, freezing, narcissistic wounds, and emptiness.
“Orbach et al. operationalized psychological pain in 9 dimensions: lack of control, irreversibility of pain, emotional flooding, estrangement, confusion, social distancing, freezing, narcissistic wounds, and emptiness.8”
From “Nothing Hurts Less Than Being Dead”: Psychological Pain in Case Descriptions of Psychiatric Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide from the Netherlands: « Rien ne fait moins mal qu’être mort »: La douleur psychologique dans les descriptions de cas d’euthanasie et de suicide assisté psychiatrique aux Pays-Bas (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
The choice of psychological pain measure, based on the Orbach and Mikulinec scale, does not necessarily reflect all existing debate regarding the concept of psychological pain.
“the choice of psychological pain measure, based on the Orbach and Mikulinec scale,8 does not necessarily reflect all existing debate regarding the concept of psychological pain.”
From “Nothing Hurts Less Than Being Dead”: Psychological Pain in Case Descriptions of Psychiatric Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide from the Netherlands: « Rien ne fait moins mal qu’être mort »: La douleur psychologique dans les descriptions de cas d’euthanasie et de suicide assisté psychiatrique aux Pays-Bas (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
Psychological pain, measured by the Orbach et al. scale, was similarly elevated in borderline personality disorder and depressive disorder.
“a previous study, which has found that psychological pain, measured by the Orbach et al. scale,8 was similarly elevated in borderline personality disorder and depressive disorder.28”
From “Nothing Hurts Less Than Being Dead”: Psychological Pain in Case Descriptions of Psychiatric Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide from the Netherlands: « Rien ne fait moins mal qu’être mort »: La douleur psychologique dans les descriptions de cas d’euthanasie et de suicide assisté psychiatrique aux Pays-Bas (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
Orbach et al. found that the difference in psychological pain rating between suicide attempters and nonattempters reflected the unique contribution of irreversibility, loss of control, and emptiness.
“Orbach et al. have found that the difference in psychological pain rating between suicide attempters and nonattempters reflected the unique contribution of irreversibility, loss of control, and emptiness.8”
From “Nothing Hurts Less Than Being Dead”: Psychological Pain in Case Descriptions of Psychiatric Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide from the Netherlands: « Rien ne fait moins mal qu’être mort »: La douleur psychologique dans les descriptions de cas d’euthanasie et de suicide assisté psychiatrique aux Pays-Bas (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
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- Authors
- Orbach, I., Mikulincer, M., Sirota, P., & Gilboa‐Schechtman, E.
- Affiliations
- Bar-Ilan University (IL)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Orbach, Israel
- Venue
- Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-09
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 219-230
- ISSN
- 0363-0234 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-278X
- OpenAlex
- W2046182047
- Cited by
- 257
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- psychological suffering, operationalization, factor structure, depression, anxiety, coping, self-perception, emotional flooding, social distancing, emptiness, narcissistic injury, life transitions
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affective Symptoms, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Middle Aged, Pain, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Stress, Psychological, Suicide, Reproducibility of Results
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