The DOI matches its Crossref record; 70 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Narcissism, Self-Esteem, and the Positivity of Self-Views: Two Portraits of Self-Love
Abstract
The authors hypothesized that both narcissism and high self-esteem are associated with positive self-views but each is associated with positivity in different domains of the self. Narcissists perceive themselves as better than average on traits reflecting an agentic orientation (e.g., intellectual skills, extraversion) but not on those reflecting a communal orientation (e.g., agreeableness, morality). In contrast, high-self-esteem individuals perceive themselves as better than average both on agentic and communal traits. Three studies confirmed the hypothesis. In Study 1, narcissists rated themselves as extraverted and open to experience but not as more agreeable or emotionally stable. High-self-esteem individuals rated themselves highly on all of these traits except openness. In Study 2, narcissists (but not high-self-esteem individuals) rated themselves as better than their romantic partners. In Study 3, narcissists rated themselves as more intelligent, but not more moral, than the average person. In contrast, high-self-esteem individuals viewed themselves as more moral and more intelligent.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Third, narcissists’ beliefs regarding their own superiority tend to go hand in hand with beliefs of others’ inferiority (Back et al., 2013; Campbell et al., 2002; Kong, 2015; Krizan & Bushman, 2011; Park, Ferrero, Colvin, & Carney, 2013).”
From The "Why" and "How" of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit (2020) · cites this paper as Campbell et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, narcissists often believe that they possess superior intellect, even when their actual IQ scores are not on par (Campbell et al., 2002; Dufner, Denissen, et al., 2013).”
From The "Why" and "How" of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit (2020) · cites this paper as Campbell et al., 2002
Citations
Cites
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Cohen, P., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410606266 · Cited by 20,870
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Kemp, F. (2003) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.1046/j.1467-9884.2003.t01-2-00383_4.x · Cited by 9,294
Journal of social behavior and personality
(1986) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(86)90025-5 · Cited by 6,751
Handbook of Personality : Theory and Research
Pervin, L. A. (1992) · Cited by 4,543
Handbook of personality theory and research
Wilson, G. (1991) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90043-b · Cited by 3,562
Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis
Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. K., & Downs, D. L. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.518 · Cited by 2,519
Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.890 · Cited by 2,273
(2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315736945-36 · Cited by 2,232
Unraveling the Paradoxes of Narcissism: A Dynamic Self-Regulatory Processing Model
Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1204_1 · Cited by 2,215
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Campbell, W. K., 2001, A meta-analysis of the narcissism-self-esteem link
- Campbell, W. K., 2001, Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Vol. 2. Interpersonal processes, 437
- Campbell, W. K., Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Jackson, L. A., 1996, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 11, 273
- 10.1037/0021-843X.101.1.165 · DOI
- 10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1155 · DOI
- Rudich, E. A., 1999, The Need for Attention Scale
- Sedikides, C., 2001, It’s a matter of self-esteem: Narcissism as predictor of mental health
- Watson, P. J., 1984, Journal of Personality Assessment, 45, 159
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 865
Narcissism and resistance to doubts about romantic partners
Foster, J. D., & Campbell, W. K. (2005) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.11.001 · Cited by 56
Self-citationByrne, K. A., & Worthy, D. A. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.02.020 · Cited by 55
Konrath, S. (2012) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-2211-1.ch012 · Cited by 55
Narcissism and self-esteem: Different motivations for selfie posting behaviors
Biolcati, R., & Passini, S. (2018) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2018.1437012 · Cited by 54
Cheng, J. T., Tracy, J. L., & Miller, G. E. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0034410 · Cited by 64
Braca, A., & Dondio, P. (2023) · Italian Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1007/s43039-023-00077-0 · Cited by 101
Loyal Now, but Not Forever! A Study of Narcissism and Male Consumer-Brand Relationships
Lambert, A., & Desmond, J. (2013) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20638 · Cited by 54
Wang, D. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.036 · Cited by 54
Ferenczi, N., Marshall, T. C., & Bejanyan, K. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.033 · Cited by 59
I am the chosen one: Narcissism in the backdrop of self‐determination theory
Sedikides, C., Ntoumanis, N., & Sheldon, K. M. (2018) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12402 · Cited by 59
Self-citationNarcissism and Brand Name Consumerism
Sedikides, C., Cisek, S. Z., & Hart, C. M. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch34 · Cited by 54
Self-citationChester, D. S., & DeWall, C. N. (2016) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12164 · Cited by 54
Stopfer, J. M., Egloff, B., Nestler, S., & Back, M. D. (2013) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.05.005 · Cited by 56
Personality in cross-cultural perspective
Dragūns, J. G. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511596544.035 · Cited by 51
Krishnan, A., & Atkin, D. J. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.045 · Cited by 51
McGregor, I., Hayes, J., & Prentice, M. S. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01325 · Cited by 64
Narcissism: A Social-Developmental Perspective
Thomaes, S. C. E., Brummelman, E., & Sedikides, C. (2018) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781526451248.n16 · Cited by 51
Self-citationDuspara, B., & Greitemeyer, T. (2017) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00425 · Cited by 52
COMMENTARIES on "Putting the Self Into Self-Conscious Emotions: A Theoretical Model"
(2004) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1502_02 · Cited by 55
Consumer arrogance and word-of-mouth
Ruvio, A. A., Bagozzi, R. P., Hult, G. T. M., & Spreng, R. A. (2020) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-020-00725-3 · Cited by 54
An Exploratory Study of the Relationships between Narcissism, Self-Esteem and Instagram Use
Paramboukis, O., Skues, J., & Wise, L. Z. (2016) · Social Networking · doi:10.4236/sn.2016.52009 · Cited by 48
Brailovskaia, J., Bierhoff, H., & Margraf, J. (2017) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191117740625 · Cited by 54
Self-perception and life satisfaction
Miller, B. K., Zivnuska, S., & Kacmar, K. M. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.12.003 · Cited by 54
Perceived agency mediates the link between the narcissistic subtypes and self-esteem
Brown, A. A., Freis, S. D., Carroll, P. J., & Arkin, R. M. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.055 · Cited by 47
Deters, F. G., Mehl, M. R., & Eid, M. (2014) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2014.10.004 · Cited by 55
Targeting college students on Facebook? How to stop wasting your money
Sashittal, H. C., Sriramachandramurthy, R., & Hodis, M. A. (2012) · Business Horizons · doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2012.05.006 · Cited by 47
Kim, D., & Jang, S. S. (2018) · Service Business · doi:10.1007/s11628-018-0367-8 · Cited by 47
We’re better when we blend: The benefits of couple identity fusion
Walsh, C. M., & Neff, L. A. (2018) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2018.1430062 · Cited by 48
Bang, H., Choi, D., Wojdynski, B. W., & Lee, Y.-I. (2019) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2019.1590069 · Cited by 47
Narcissism through the ages: What happens when narcissists grow older?
Cramer, P. (2011) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2011.06.003 · Cited by 46
Narcissism and Performance on Behavioral Decision‐making Tasks
Brunell, A. B., & Buelow, M. T. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.1900 · Cited by 53
Judge, T. A., & Hurst, C. (2007) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446212752.n12 · Cited by 46
The “other” relationships of self-assessed intelligence: A meta-analysis
Howard, M. C., & Cogswell, J. E. (2018) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2018.09.006 · Cited by 53
Employee narcissism and promotability prospects
Nevicka, B., & Sedikides, C. (2021) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12619 · Cited by 47
Self-citationCulture Creation and Change: Making Sense of the Past to Inform Future Research Agendas
Kim, Y. J., Toh, S. M., & Baik, S. (2022) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063221081031 · Cited by 50
Fearing, not loving, the reflection: Narcissism, self-esteem, and self-discrepancy theory
Barnett, M. D., & Womack, P. M. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.032 · Cited by 44
Brender‐Ilan, Y., & Sheaffer, Z. (2018) · Asia Pacific Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.apmrv.2018.05.003 · Cited by 44
Nostrand, D. F.-V., & Ojanen, T. J. (2012) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2012.694660 · Cited by 44
Narcissism and romantic attraction: Evidence from a collectivistic culture
Tanchotsrinon, P., Maneesri, K., & Campbell, W. K. (2006) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.08.004 · Cited by 43
Self-citationTwenge, J. M. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch18 · Cited by 43
Parental Invalidation and the Development of Narcissism
Huxley, E., & Bizumic, B. (2017) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2016.1248807 · Cited by 42
Narcissism Distorts the Fading Affect Bias in Autobiographical Memory
Ritchie, T. D., Walker, W. R., Marsh, S., Hart, C. M., & Skowronski, J. J. (2014) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3082 · Cited by 46
Griffith, R., Lee, L. M., Peterson, M. H., & Zickar, M. J. (2011) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2011.597475 · Cited by 45
Incremental Validity of Core Self-Evaluations in the Presence of Other Self-Concept Traits
Rode, J. C., Judge, T. A., & Sun, J. (2012) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051812442964 · Cited by 47
Empirical evidence for a relationship between narcissistic personality traits and job burnout
Schwarzkopf, K., Straus, D., Porschke, H., Znoj, H., Conrad, N., Schmidt‐Trucksäss, A., & von Känel, R. (2016) · Burnout Research · doi:10.1016/j.burn.2015.12.001 · Cited by 51
Freis, S. D., & Brown, A. A. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110345 · Cited by 56
Foster, J. D. (2008) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407507087956 · Cited by 42
The relationship between narcissism, intensity of Facebook use, Facebook flow and Facebook addiction
Brailovskaia, J., Bierhoff, H.-W., Rohmann, E., Raeder, F., & Margraf, J. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100265 · Cited by 41
Narcissism and Romantic Relationships
Foster, J. D., & Brunell, A. B. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_34 · Cited by 41
Narcissism and other-derogation in the absence of ego threat.
Park, S. W., & Colvin, C. R. (2015) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12107 · Cited by 41
Narcissists of a Feather Flock Together
Maaß, U., Lämmle, L., Bensch, D., & Ziegler, M. D. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216629114 · Cited by 44
Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., & Ruch, W. (2017) · DSpace (Open University in the Netherlands) · doi:10.5167/uzh-147425 · Cited by 41
Gebauer, J. E., Leary, M. R., & Neberich, W. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212456300 · Cited by 42
Narcissism and immature love as mediators of vertical individualism and ludic love style
Le, T. N. (2005) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407505054522 · Cited by 41
Naderi, I., & Strutton, D. R. (2014) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12230 · Cited by 42
Self-Esteem Modulates the Time Course of Self-Positivity Bias in Explicit Self-Evaluation
Zhang, H., Guan, L., Qi, M., & Yang, J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081169 · Cited by 39
Peterson, J. L., & DeHart, T. (2014) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2013.868368 · Cited by 38
Hample, D., & Irions, A. L. (2015) · Argumentation · doi:10.1007/s10503-015-9351-9 · Cited by 38
The lure of the noisy ego: Narcissism as a social trap.
Campbell, W. K., & Buffardi, L. E. (2008) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11771-002 · Cited by 38
Self-citationFatfouta, R., Sawicki, A. J., & Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M. A. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111163 · Cited by 37
The “Vicious Circle of addictive Social Media Use and Mental Health” Model
Brailovskaia, J. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104306 · Cited by 47
Hart, W., Adams, J. M., & Burton, K. A. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.045 · Cited by 37
Brailovskaia, J., Rohmann, E., Bierhoff, H., & Margraf, J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241632 · Cited by 46
Gebauer, J. E., Sedikides, C., Lüdtke, O., & Neberich, W. (2013) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12076 · Cited by 39
Self-citationBédard, M.-A., & Corff, Y. L. (2019) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000311 · Cited by 38
Clever and crude but not kind: Narcissism, self-esteem, and the self-reference effect
Jones, L. L., & Brunell, A. B. (2013) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2013.778999 · Cited by 36
Jin, S. A., & Muqaddam, A. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.042 · Cited by 36
Altmann, T., & Roth, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00091 · Cited by 42
Dark personality voters find dark politicians more relatable and fit for office
Hart, W., Richardson, K., & Tortoriello, G. K. (2018) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2018.05.007 · Cited by 36
Zajenkowski, M., & Gignac, G. E. (2018) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2018.07.003 · Cited by 41
What Separates Narcissism from Self-esteem? A Social-Cognitive Perspective
Brummelman, E., Gürel, Ç., Thomaes, S. C. E., & Sedikides, C. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_5 · Cited by 43
Self-citationWhy Do Narcissists Care So Much About Intelligence?
Zajenkowski, M., & Dufner, M. (2020) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721420917152 · Cited by 39
Brugués, G., & Caparrós, B. (2021) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2021.1917011 · Cited by 48
Me, myself, and Ikea: Qualifying generic self-referencing effects in brand judgment
Fennis, B. M., & Wiebenga, J. H. (2016) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.11.015 · Cited by 35
Liu, X., Zheng, X., Li, N., Yu, Y., Harms, P. D., & Yang, J. (2021) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/00187267211015925 · Cited by 40
Narcissism and mate value: Is beauty in the eye of the narcissistic beholder?
Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Trombly, D. R. C. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.021 · Cited by 37
Zeigler‐Hill, V., Sauls, D., & Malay, P. (2020) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2020.1779118 · Cited by 37
Beyond Oversights, Lies, and Pies in the Sky: Exaggeration as Goal Projection
Willard, G., & Gramzow, R. H. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208329631 · Cited by 35
My way or the highway: High narcissism and low self‐esteem predict decreased support for democracy
Marchlewska, M., Castellanos, K. A., Lewczuk, K., Kofta, M., & Cichocka, A. K. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12290 · Cited by 34
Self-reported Emotional and Social Intelligence and Empathy as Distinctive Predictors of Narcissism
Delič, L., Novak, P. K., Kovačič, J., & Avsec, A. (2011) · Psihologijske teme · Cited by 34
Let Go of Your (Inflated) Ego: Caring more about Others Reduces Narcissistic Tendencies
Jordan, C. H., Giacomin, M., & Kopp, L. (2014) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12128 · Cited by 34
Mahadevan, N., Gregg, A. P., & Sedikides, C. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12559 · Cited by 33
Self-citationBen‐Eliyahu, A., & Zeidner, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.041 · Cited by 33
Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Jordan, C. H. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch9 · Cited by 37
Self-enhancement, righteous anger, and moral grandiosity
Green, J. D., Sedikides, C., Tongeren, D. R. V., Behler, A. M. C., & Barber, J. M. (2017) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2017.1419504 · Cited by 35
Self-citationNarcissism and Discrepancy Between Self and Friends' Perceptions of P ersonality
Park, S. W., & Colvin, C. R. (2013) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12053 · Cited by 33
I'm nice, therefore I go green: An investigation of pro-environmentalism in communal narcissists
Naderi, I. (2018) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2018.08.010 · Cited by 35
Validating Power Makes Communal Narcissists Less Communal
Giacomin, M., & Jordan, C. H. (2015) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2015.1031820 · Cited by 34
The Psychodynamic Mask Model of Narcissism: Where Is It Now?
Kuchynka, S. L., & Bosson, J. K. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_9 · Cited by 32
On when self-enhancement and self-criticism function adaptively and maladaptively.
Sedikides, C., & Luke, M. A. (2008) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11624-011 · Cited by 32
Self-citationInside the Minds of Narcissists
Hansbrough, T. K., & Jones, G. E. (2014) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000188 · Cited by 31
Gregg, A. P., Mahadevan, N., & Sedikides, C. (2016) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2016.1167942 · Cited by 36
Self-citationWomick, J., Atherton, B., & King, L. A. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03982 · Cited by 32
Mowlaie, M., Abolghasemi, A., & Aghababaei, N. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.019 · Cited by 31
Adolescent Communal Narcissism and Peer Perceptions
Barry, C. T., Lui, J. H. L., Lee‐Rowland, L. M., & Moran, E. V. (2016) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12287 · Cited by 34
Mota, S., Leckelt, M., Geukes, K., Nestler, S., Humberg, S., Schröder-Abé, M., Schmukle, S. C., & Back, M. D. (2019) · Collabra: Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.174 · Cited by 31
Narcissistic self-promotion is not moderated by the strength of situational cues
Maaß, U., & Ziegler, M. D. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.008 · Cited by 31
Wang, Y., Xie, X., Wang, X., Wang, P., Nie, J., & Lei, L. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9795-9 · Cited by 30
Mahadevan, N., Gregg, A. P., & Sedikides, C. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001056 · Cited by 37
Self-citationThomaes, S., & Brummelman, E. (2016) · Developmental Psychopathology · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy316 · Cited by 30
Metadata
- Authors
- Campbell, W. K., Rudich, E. A., & Sedikides, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Georgia (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Campbell, W. Keith
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2002-03
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 358-368
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2139236723
- Cited by
- 866
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 102 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 11.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- narcissism, self-esteem, self-view, self-perception, agentic traits, communal traits, Big Five personality traits, extraversion, agreeableness, emotional stability, openness to experience, intelligence, morality, romantic partners, self-enhancement
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review