Phenomenology and treatment of behavioural addictions
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Behavioural addictions are characterized by an inability to resist an urge or drive resulting in actions that are harmful to oneself or others. Behavioural addictions share characteristics with substance and alcohol abuse, and in areas such as natural history, phenomenology, and adverse consequences. Behavioural addictions include pathological gambling, kleptomania, pyromania, compulsive buying, compulsive sexual behaviour, Internet addiction, and binge eating disorder. Few studies have examined the efficacy of pharmacological and psychological treatment for the various behavioural addictions, and therefore, currently, no treatment recommendations can be made.
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Both pharmacological and psychological treatments have been suggested for Internet-use disorders, similar to what is recommended for gambling disorder and other behavioral addictions, and initial studies suggest varying degrees of efficacy.
“Both pharmacological and psychological treatments have been suggested, similar to what is recommended for gambling disorder and other behavioral addictions (e.g., Grant et al., 2013;Yau and Potenza, 2015), and initial studies suggest varying degrees of efficacy (Cash et al., 2012;Santos et al., 2016;Winkler et al., 2013;Young, 2013).”
From Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model (2016) · cites this paper as Grant et al., 2013
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Odlaug, B. L., Grant, J. E., & Kim, S. W. (2012) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.722058 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationTreatments for Pathological Gambling and Other Impulse Control Disorders
Grant, J. E., & Potenza, M. N. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195304145.003.0020 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationSPECT Imaging and Treatment of Pyromania
Grant, J. E. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v67n0619f · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationTreating Impulse Control Disorders
Grant, J. E., Donahue, C. B., & Odlaug, B. L. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780199738793.001.0001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationCompulsive Sexual Behavior: Phenomenology and Epidemiology
Schreiber, L. R. N., Odlaug, B. L., & Grant, J. E. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0063 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessment and Treatment of Pyromania
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
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Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C., Wölfling, K., & Potenza, M. N. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033 · Cited by 2,153 · see citing works
“…and psychological treatments have been suggested, imilar to what is recommended for gambling disorder and other ehavioral addictions (e.g., Grant et al., 2013; Yau and Potenza, 015), and initial studies suggest varying degrees of efficacy (Cash t al., 2012; Santos et al., 2016; Winkler et…”
Online Social Network Site Addiction: A Comprehensive Review
Andreassen, C. S. (2015) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-015-0056-9 · Cited by 1,212 · see citing works
Brand, M., Young, K. S., & Laier, C. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00375 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
“, 2013), although the number of empirical studies on treatment outcome is still limited (Young, 2013), as it is the case for other behavioral addictions (Grant et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodPotenza, M. N., Balodis, I. M., Derevensky, J., Grant, J. E., Petry, N. M., Verdejo-Garcia, A., & Yip, S. W. (2019) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0099-7 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Self-citationInternet addiction: coping styles, expectancies, and treatment implications
Brand, M., Laier, C., & YOUNG, K. S. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01256 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
“…“Internet addiction (IA),” because recent articles (see discussion in Brand et al., 2014) highlight the parallels between an overuse of the Internet and other addictive behaviors (e.g., Grant et al., 2013) and also substance dependency (see also Young, 2004; Griffiths, 2005; Meerkerk et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialGambling Disorder and Other Behavioral Addictions: Recognition and Treatment
Yau, Y. H. C., & Potenza, M. N. (2015) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000051 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
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“Such approaches typically involve a collection of self-help techniques, psychotherapies, and pharmacological assistance [58].”
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Behavioural addiction—A rising tide?
Chamberlain, S. R., Löchner, C., Stein, D. J., Goudriaan, A. E., van Holst, R. J., Zohar, J., & Grant, J. E. (2015) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.08.013 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“Collectively, these conditions subtend a considerable burden of suffering to affected individuals and their families (Grant et al. 2013c).”
Self-citationHague, B., Hall, J., & Kellett, S. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.5.2016.064 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
The association between smartphone addiction and thumb/wrist pain
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DSM-5 and the Decision Not to Include Sex, Shopping or Stealing as Addictions
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“Thus, GPIU and SPIU (gaming) might become emerging public health problems as, according to Grant, Schreiber, and Odlaug [34], behavioural addictions are characterised by the inability to resist a drive, resulting in actions that are harmful to oneself and others.”
BackgroundTarrega, S., Castro-Carreras, L., Fernández-Aranda, F., Granero, R., Giner-Bartolomé, C., Aymamí, N., Gómez-Peña, M., Santamaría, J., Forcano, L., Steward, T., et al. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01721 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 12 November 2015 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01721 Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 1 November 2015 | Volume 6 | Article 1721 Edited by: Federica Scarpina, University of Turin, Italy Reviewed by: Shane Andrew Thomas, University of Adelaide, Australia Yasser Khazaal, Geneva Univers…”
BackgroundInfluentialCompulsive Buying Behavior: Clinical Comparison with Other Behavioral Addictions
Granero, R., Fernández-Aranda, F., Mestre-Bach, G., Steward, T., Baño, M., del Pino-Gutiérrez, A., Moragas, L., Mallorquí-Bagué, N., Aymamí, N., Gómez-Peña, M., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00914 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“The objective of this study was to assess the sociodemographic and clinic variables related to the CBB phenotype compared to other behavioral addictions.”
BackgroundCompulsive Buying Behavior: Characteristics of Comorbidity with Gambling Disorder
Granero, R., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Steward, T., Mestre‐Bach, G., Baño, M., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., Moragas, L., Aymamí, N., Gómez‐Peña, M., Mallorquí‐Bagué, N., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00625 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Other associations have been found mainly with substance-use disorders (Grant et al., 2013), obsessive-compulsive disorder (Weinstein et al., 2015), eating disorders (Fernández-Aranda et al., 2006, 2008; Jiménez-Murcia et al., 2015), and other behavioral addictions such as gambling disorder (Black…”
BackgroundMouaffak, F., Leite, C. M. G. D. S., Hamzaoui, S., Benyamina, A., Laqueille, X., & Kébir, O. (2017) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000480539 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Differences and Similarities Between Compulsive Buying and Other Addictive Behaviors
Mestre‐Bach, G., Steward, T., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., & Fernández‐Aranda, F. (2017) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-017-0153-z · Cited by 45 · see citing works
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Cognitive behavioral therapy for compulsive buying behavior: Predictors of treatment outcome
Granero, R., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Mestre‐Bach, G., Steward, T., Baño, M., Agüera, Z., Mallorquí‐Bagué, N., Aymamí, N., Gómez‐Peña, M., Sancho, M., et al. (2016) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.06.004 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“[39] concluded that the common neurobiological dysfunction observed in substance use disorders and other behavioral addictions provide backing for the usefulness of utilizing medication to treat CBB.”
Neurocognitive predictors of addiction-related outcomes: A systematic review of longitudinal studies
Christensen, E., Brydevall, M., Albertella, L., Samarawickrama, S. K., Yücel, M., & Lee, R. S. C. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105295 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The use of naltrexone in pathological and problem gambling: A UK case series
Ward, S., Smith, N. T., & Bowden‐Jones, H. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.89 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Salles, F. L. P., Basso, M. F., & Leonel, A. (2024) · Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine · doi:10.56294/ri202472 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Stefanovics, E. A., & Potenza, M. N. (2022) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2022.04.004 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The role of metacognitions and emotion recognition in problematic SNS use among adolescents
Ünal‐Aydın, P., Obuća, F., Aydın, O., & Spada, M. M. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.103 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Abnormal sexuality in Parkinson's disease: fact or fancy?
Ferrucci, R., Panzeri, M., Ronconi, L., Ardolino, G., Cogiamanian, F. M., Barbieri, S., Barone, P., Bertolasi, L., Padovani, A., & Priori, A. (2016) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2016.07.058 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
New treatment models for compulsive disorders
Grant, J. E., Fineberg, N. A., Ameringen, M. V., Cath, D. C., Visser, H. A. D., Carmi, L., Pallanti, S., Hollander, E., & van Balkom, A. J. L. M. (2015) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.11.008 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Why have these agents not shown bene fi t in treating other spectrum disorders such as body dysmorphic disorder (Phillips, 2005) or impulse control disorders such as gambling disorder (Grant et al., 2013)?”
InfluentialSelf-citationCavicchioli, M., Vassena, G., Movalli, M., & Maffei, C. (2018) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2019.1643211 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Validation of a Spanish Questionnaire on Mobile Phone Abuse
Olivencia-Carrión, M. A., Ramírez-Uclés, I. M., Holgado-Tello, P., & López-Torrecillas, F. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00621 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“In addition, a number of authors (Mudry et al., 2011; Yau et al., 2012; Grant et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2013; Mattebo et al., 2013; Schuster et al., 2013; Van Rooij et al., 2014; Biolcati, 2015) have pointed out the relationship between the amount of time young adults spend gambling, abusing their mobile phones, using…”
BackgroundCao, Y., Liu, Q., Yu, Q., Fan, J., Wang, X., Yao, R., & Zhu, X. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04511-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“We prefer to use the term “Internet addiction” since there are several notable parallels between IA and other behavioral addictions (Grant et al., 2013).”
Insights revealed by rodent models of sugar binge eating
Murray, S. M., Tulloch, A. J., Chen, E. Y., & Avena, N. M. (2015) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852915000656 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Early Intervention in Gaming Disorder: What Can We Learn from Findings in the Substance Abuse Field?
Rumpf, H., Bischof, A., Bischof, G., Besser, B., Brand, D., & Rehbein, F. (2018) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-018-0229-4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Vaca, D. J. G., Granero, R., Fernández‐Aranda, F., González-Doña, J., Müller, A., Brand, M., Steward, T., Mestre‐Bach, G., Mallorquí‐Bagué, N., Aymamí, N., et al. (2018) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-018-9786-7 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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“Compulsive shopping, internet addiction, eating disorders, and gambling are some examples of the various forms of behavioral addiction that are too frequent today [2].”
BackgroundBlum, A. W., Odlaug, B., Redden, S., & Grant, J. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.10.002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationŠevčíková, A., Blinka, L., & Soukalová, V. (2018) · Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity The Journal of Treatment and Prevention · doi:10.1080/10720162.2018.1431166 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Behavioural Addiction: a Useful Construct?
Sinclair, H., Löchner, C., & Stein, D. J. (2016) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-016-0067-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Behavioural Addictions as a Way to Classify Behaviours
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Predictors of ‘problematic internet use’ among adolescents and adults amid the pandemic in India
Singh, S., Datta, M., Gupta, P. K., & Batra, S. (2022) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101036 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Jiang, H., Zhong, L., Huang, V., & Zhong, R. (2025) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107341 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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“hypothesises the opposite [26], claiming that one neurobiological dysfunction could give rise to multiple behavioural symptoms.”
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Pathological Gambling: Who Gains from Others’ Losses?
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Late-Onset Alcohol Abuse as a Presenting Symptom of Neurodegenerative Diseases
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Foundations of addictive problems in adolescents: Developmental and social factors
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Latent Profile Analyses of Addiction and Mental Health Problems in Two Large Samples
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“…Association, 2013) and gaming disorder (recognized in the International Classification of Diseases; World Health Organization, 2019), as well as putative behavioural addictions that have not yet gained formal recognition, including shopping, eating, and sex addiction (Grant et al., 2010, 2013).”
H is for hypersexual: Sexuality in youths with ADHD
Hale, E. W., Murphy, M. O., & Thompson, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/frcha.2022.1048732 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Disorders of sexual behavior can be extremely difficult to treat once they have taken hold in an individual’s psyche, and thus any opportunity to prevent development in the first place should be taken [25].”
BackgroundReliability and Validity of the Korean version of Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale
Byeon, G., Kim, R., Han, J. H., Ko, Y. M., Roh, S., & Lee, T. K. (2017) · 신경정신의학 · doi:10.4306/jknpa.2017.56.1.35 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Utility of aripiprazole in co-occurring problem gambling and toluene dependence: A case report
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Kleptomania on the impulsive–compulsive spectrum. Clinical and therapeutic considerations for women
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Prevalence and awareness of text neck syndrome and text thumb syndrome in young adult population
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From hyper- to hypo-: ADHD medications & sexual dysfunction.
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Janero, D. R. (2014) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1517/17460441.2014.951631 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapy for Behavioral Addictions
Grant, J. E., & Chamberlain, S. R. (2016) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-016-0065-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationImpulse Control Disorders in Parkinson’s disease
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“They may lead to behavioral addictions, which can manifest as compulsive shopping or gambling [5].”
Aider les gens à bien se tenir
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Klinefelter syndrome and fire setting behaviors: a case report and scoping review
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“The act of starting fires, or even of watching fire-related activities, may trigger a surge of dopamine and other pleasure-inducing neurotransmitters, leading to a transitory sense of excitement, satisfaction, or even relief (Grant et al., 2013).”
BackgroundAddictions. Substance addictions vs. behavioural addictions
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Advances in the Prevention and Management of Obesity and Eating Disorders
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Implications médico-légales des addictions comportementales
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Dadswell, K. (2018) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University)
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Self-citationLack, Escape, and Hypervirtuality: On the Existential and Phenomenological Conditions for Addiction
O’Shiel, D. (2022) · Philosophies · doi:10.3390/philosophies7050112
A gyerekkori videojátékozás néhány aspektusa Magyarországon
Pintér, R. (2023) · Médiakutató · doi:10.55395/mk.2023.2.1
Grant, J. E. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_15-1
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Review of the Tendency of Social Network Addiction in Secondary Vocational Students
许, 进. (2024) · Advances in Social Sciences · doi:10.12677/ass.2024.138756
Grant, J. E. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_15
Self-citationRabadanova, A. I., & Taigibova, Z. A. (2025) · Human Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0362119725700240
Brazilian version of the Brief Screener for Substance and Behavioral Addiction
Faiad, C., Marôco, J., Tavares, H., Hodgins, D., & Matsunaga, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1642665
“They often serve as a form of escapism or relief from stress and anxiety, yet persist despite causing harm to an individual’s life and relationships (Demetrovics et al., 2022; Grant et al., 2013; Karim and Chaudhri, 2012).”
Case management of ultra-processed food addiction: a theoretical perspective
Vasiliu, O. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1814936
“Although UPFA presents features of both behavioral and substance use disorders, it also includes elements of eating disorders and may be associated with consequences across the metabolic disorder spectrum (100–102).”
Dissociation of decision-making from escalated drug intake within a long-access model
Stephens, M., & Beckmann, J. S. (2026) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2026.116344
Turan, A., & Yılmaz, E. (2026) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-026-00671-w
“Behavioral addictions are persistent patterns of engagement in rewarding activities characterized by impaired control, craving or strong urges, and continuation despite harmful consequences [1, 2].”
- Authors
- Grant, J. E., Schreiber, L. R., & Odlaug, B. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Grant, Jon E
- Venue
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-05
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 252-259
- ISSN
- 0706-7437 (ISSN-L)
- 1497-0015
- OpenAlex
- W57939543
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Responsible Gaming
- University of South Florida
- University of Oxford
- National Institutes of Health (5rc1da028279-02)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (1RC1DA 028279-01)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Keywords
- behavioral addiction, phenomenology, gambling addiction, kleptomania, pyromania, compulsive buying, compulsive sexual behavior, internet addiction, binge eating disorder, pharmacotherapy, psychological intervention, treatment efficacy
- MeSH terms
- Attitude to Computers, Clinical Trials as Topic, Cognitive Dissonance, Firesetting Behavior, Gambling, Humans, Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders, Impulsive Behavior, Mental Health Services, Psychotropic Drugs, Reward, Sexual Behavior, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Behavior, Addictive, Needs Assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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