Introduction to Behavioral Addictions
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Several behaviors, besides psychoactive substance ingestion, produce short-term reward that may engender persistent behavior, despite knowledge of adverse consequences, i.e., diminished control over the behavior. These disorders have historically been conceptualized in several ways. One view posits these disorders as lying along an impulsive-compulsive spectrum, with some classified as impulse control disorders. An alternate, but not mutually exclusive, conceptualization considers the disorders as non-substance or "behavioral" addictions. OBJECTIVES: Inform the discussion on the relationship between psychoactive substance and behavioral addictions. METHODS: We review data illustrating similarities and differences between impulse control disorders or behavioral addictions and substance addictions. This topic is particularly relevant to the optimal classification of these disorders in the forthcoming fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). RESULTS: Growing evidence suggests that behavioral addictions resemble substance addictions in many domains, including natural history, phenomenology, tolerance, comorbidity, overlapping genetic contribution, neurobiological mechanisms, and response to treatment, supporting the DSM-V Task Force proposed new category of Addiction and Related Disorders encompassing both substance use disorders and non-substance addictions. Current data suggest that this combined category may be appropriate for pathological gambling and a few other better studied behavioral addictions, e.g., Internet addiction. There is currently insufficient data to justify any classification of other proposed behavioral addictions. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: Proper categorization of behavioral addictions or impulse control disorders has substantial implications for the development of improved prevention and treatment strategies.
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Excessive use of the internet exhibits the same criteria that mark other substance and behavioral addictions.
“First, and most importantly, excessive use of the internet exhibits the same criteria that mark other substance and behavioral addictions (Andreassen, 2015; Grant & Chamberlain, 2014; Grant et al., 2010; Kuss & Griffiths, 2012; Young, 1998a, 1998b).”
From Ethics of the Attention Economy: The Problem of Social Media Addiction (2021) · cites this paper as Grant et al., 2010
The Diagnostic Issues section says proposed criteria for Internet addiction are usually based on substance-abuse or dependence criteria, including diminished control, tolerance, and withdrawal. It also cautions that validating data for many of these criteria are limited, so it does not establish as fact that excessive internet use exhibits the same criteria. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere is one line of inquiry that considers addiction to be an extensive concept, not limited to substances, with a foundation in its neurobiologic basis.
“Essentially, there is one line of inquiry that considers addiction to be an extensive concept, not limited to substances, that has a foundation in its neurobiologic basis (1, 107, 108).”
From Cell-phone addiction: a review (2016) · cites this paper as [108]
The progression from typical to disordered food cue responsivity mirrors the development of preoccupation and disordered thinking in other behavioral addictions and substance use disorders.
“That progression from typical to disordered food cue responsivity mirrors the development of preoccupation and disordered thinking in other behavioral addictions and substance use disorders [81].”
From What Is Food Noise? A Conceptual Model of Food Cue Reactivity (2023) · cites this paper as [81]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Grant, J. E., Potenza, M. N., Weinstein, A., & Gorelick, D. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Hadassah Medical Center (IL)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gorelick, David A.
- Venue
- The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-06-21
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 233-241
- ISSN
- 0095-2990 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-9891
- PMC
- PMC3164585
- OpenAlex
- W2123197200
- Cited by
- 1,242
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 87 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 113 · 2020: 130 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 81 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 52
- FWCI
- 6.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Responsible Gaming
- Yale University
- National Institutes of Health (5rc1da028279-02)
- National Institute of Mental Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (ZIADA000240, R01DA019139, RC1-DA028279)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- behavioral addiction, impulse control disorders, substance use disorders, gambling addiction, internet addiction, comorbidities, tolerance (pharmacology and immunology), genetic contribution, neurobiological mechanisms, treatment response
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders, Male, Personality, Comorbidity, Behavior, Addictive, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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