The Structure of Anxiety and Depression in a Normative Sample of Younger and Older Australian Adolescents
Abstract
It has been reported that depression and anxiety have overlapping symptoms and are conceptually interrelated. One of the most prominent theoretical developments that explain this association is Clark and Watson's tripartite model (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100:316-336, 1991) that posits these two disorders and negative emotions share a latent component of negative affect (NA). The current study had two aims, (a) to compare a tripartite factor structure against competing models by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) (Lovibond and Lovibond 1995), and (b) explore the psychometric properties of the DASS-21. The DASS-21 was completed by a representative sample of 4039 young Australians, aged 12-18 years, as part of the South Australian Youth Mental Health Survey (SAYMHS), South Australia, Australia. The best fitting model for the data consisted of anhedonic depression, physiological hyperarousal, and general NA. The psychometric properties of the DASS-21 were excellent with a stable and interpretable factor structure and good internal consistency. The results of the current study suggest that the theoretical tripartite structure of depression and anxiety is robust and applicable among Australian youth. The diagnostic, clinical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
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The symptom measure selected has been used and validated in a non-clinical adolescent population.
“The symptom measure selected has been used and validated in a non-clinical adolescent population [47–49].”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy universal prevention program for adolescents: a feasibility study. (2017) · cites this paper as [49]
Previous Australian normative data suggest that a baseline DASSTotal score of 50 is indicative of a diagnosable depressive or anxiety disorder in that age group.
“previous Australian normative data for that age group suggests that this score was indicative of a diagnosable depressive or anxiety disorder (Kessler et al., 2012; Tully, Zajac, & Venning, 2009).”
From A randomized controlled trial of strong minds: A school-based mental health program combining acceptance and commitment therapy and positive psychology (2016) · cites this paper as Tully, Zajac, & Venning, 2009
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- Authors
- Tully, P. J., Zajac, I. T., & Venning, A. J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Zajac, Ian T.
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2009-02-24
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 717-726
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- OpenAlex
- W2016690217
- Cited by
- 177
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 12.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- RUNE (Research UNE) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- anxiety, depression, tripartite model, negative affect, anhedonic depression, hyperarousal, factor structure, DASS-21, psychometric properties, adolescents, youth mental health, age differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Affect, Anxiety Disorders, Australia, Child, Depressive Disorder, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Comorbidity, Prevalence
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