Psychometric Properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II for Chinese College Students and Elite Chinese Athletes
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II (AAQ-II) across two samples of Chinese college students (n = 183 and n = 366) and a sample of elite Chinese athletes (n = 330). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the existence of a unidimensional AAQ-II. Adequate internal consistency reliability, test–retest reliability (one-month interval), factorial validity, and nomological validity with mindfulness, well-being, positive and negative affect/mood for both students and athletic samples were demonstrated. The AAQ-II also showed incremental validity in college students in explaining variances of well-being, positive and negative affect, anxiety, and depression, beyond the mindfulness measure. Most important, factorial invariance of the AAQ-II was demonstrated across male and female college students as well as across male and female athletes. Partial factorial invariance was also demonstrated across adolescent and adult athletes. Overall, results of this study suggest that the Chinese version of the AAQ-II may be a useful self-report measure of experiential avoidance in Chinese college students and elite Chinese athletes.
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The Chinese version of the CFQ-F is a reliable and valid measure of cognitive fusion.
“However, CFQ-F is a reliable and valid assessment of cognitive fusion (Zhang, Ji et al., 2014).”
From Is psychological flexibility a mediator between perceived stress and general anxiety or depression among suspected patients of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19)? (2021) · cites this paper as Zhang, Ji et al., 2014
The Chinese version of the AAQ-II has satisfactory content validity and reliability.
“A Chinese version of AAQ-II with satisfactory content validity and reliability (Zhang, Chung, Si, & Liu, 2014) was adopted.”
From Is psychological flexibility a mediator between perceived stress and general anxiety or depression among suspected patients of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19)? (2021) · cites this paper as Zhang, Chung, Si, & Liu, 2014
The Chinese version of AAQ-II is validated with satisfactory reliability.
“The Chinese Version is validated with satisfactory reliability [65].”
From Effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for Chinese adults with PTSD symptoms: protocol for a randomised controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [65]
The Chinese version of the AAQ-II showed acceptable reliability and structural validity.
“The Chinese version of the scale showed acceptable reliability and structural validity [32].”
The AAQ-II demonstrated strong internal consistency and test-retest reliability in Chinese population groups, and its Cronbach's alpha in this study was 0.88.
“The AAQ-II has demonstrated strong internal consistencies (α = 0.86 to 0.88) and test–retest reliabilities in Chinese population groups (r = 0.74 to 0.86) [52] (Cronbach’s α in this study = 0.88).”
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- Authors
- Zhang, C.-Q., Chung, P.-K., Si, G., & Liu, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Hong Kong Baptist University (HK)
- Education University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
- Venue
- Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-10-01
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 256-270
- ISSN
- 0748-1756 (ISSN-L)
- 1947-6302
- OpenAlex
- W2317319709
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 5.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development (publishedVersion)
- HKBU Institutional Repository (Hong Kong Baptist University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/orPUBLICation of this article.
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, experiential avoidance, Chinese version, psychometric properties, measurement invariance, incremental validity, mindfulness, well-being, positive and negative affect, anxiety, depression, university students, elite athletes, gender differences
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