Emotion Regulation in Current and Remitted Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent, recurrent and potentially chronic disorder. Identifying risk factors and underlying mechanisms to inform preventive and therapeutic interventions is therefore imperative. Emotion regulation is a proposed factor in the development and maintenance of MDD. The aim of the present review was to summarize and synthesize research on self-reported emotion regulation strategy use and emotion regulation abilities in adults diagnosed with current and remitted MDD. Methods Seventy-two eligible studies were retrieved from databases through a systematic literature search. Group differences between individuals with current MDD, remitted MDD and healthy controls were calculated using meta-analytic procedures. Meta-regression analyses investigated potential moderator effects on emotion regulation difficulties. Results Results indicated that individuals with current MDD report higher maladaptive emotion regulation strategy use for avoidance (Hedges’ g = 1.3), rumination (g = 2.1) and suppression (g = 1.1) compared to healthy controls. Also, they reported lower adaptive emotion regulation strategy use for acceptance (g =-1.0), problem solving (g = -1.0) and reappraisal (g = -0.7). Individuals with current MDD reported limited general emotion regulation abilities, indicated by higher alexithymia (g =1.45), lower emotional awareness (g =-0.95), emotional clarity (g = -1.50) and emotional tolerance (g =-1.89). Similar results were found in individuals with remitted MDD for avoidance (g = 1.0), rumination (g = 1.1), suppression (g = 0.6) and general emotion regulation abilities. However, no difference was found between individuals with remitted MDD and healthy controls for adaptive emotion regulation strategies. Meta-regression analyses suggest that age of illness onset, comorbid anxiety and duration of remission influence emotion regulation. Conclusion The present review and meta-analysis indicates that individuals with current and remitted MDD have difficulties with emotion regulation compared to individuals who have never been depressed. Although depressive symptoms improve, emotion regulation difficulties may continue, and could be a contributing factor to relapse. Our findings inform future research on emotion regulation and psychotherapeutic interventions.
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Difficulties in emotion regulation strategy use play a central role in the development, maintenance, and treatment of depression and anxiety disorders.
“Difficulties in emotion regulation strategy use play a central role in the development, maintenance, and treatment of depression and anxiety disorders [27–29].”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [29]
The Introduction describes emotion-regulation difficulties as a potential mechanism in the development and maintenance of depression. The Discussion > Implications identifies maladaptive strategies as a psychotherapy target in depression and mentions emotion-regulation interventions for anxiety disorders. The paper does not establish that difficulties in strategy use play a central role in the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders; its findings concern current and remitted depression, including comorbid anxiety. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRumination, avoidance, and suppression maintain and exacerbate internalizing psychopathology.
“The first pathway to mitigating anxiety and depression symptoms involves reducing perseverative and avoidant emotion regulation strategies, such as rumination, avoidance, and suppression, which are known to maintain and exacerbate internalizing psychopathology [29, 58–62].”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [29]
The Introduction (Emotion regulation and major depressive disorder; page not provided) says rumination increases the duration of depressed mood and vulnerability to depressive episodes, while suppression may intensify emotional responses. The Discussion (Key findings in trials with current and remitted MDD; page not provided) links all three strategies to depression and suggests they may contribute to relapse. The paper does not establish that all three maintain and exacerbate internalizing psychopathology broadly, including anxiety. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredReducing perseverative and avoidant emotion regulation strategies is a pathway to mitigating anxiety and depression symptoms.
“The first pathway to mitigating anxiety and depression symptoms involves reducing perseverative and avoidant emotion regulation strategies, such as rumination, avoidance, and suppression, which are known to maintain and exacerbate internalizing psychopathology [29, 58–62].”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [29]
The Introduction classifies rumination, avoidance, and suppression as potentially maladaptive, and the Discussion > Implications identifies maladaptive emotion regulation as a psychotherapy target in depression. The Discussion also associates these strategies with comorbid anxiety, but the paper does not establish that reducing them mitigates both anxiety and depression symptoms; it calls for further studies of treatment effects. Our copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Avoidance and depression: the construction of the Cognitive–Behavioral Avoidance Scale
Ottenbreit, N. D., & Dobson, K. S. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00140-2 · Cited by 457 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 1989), one study reporting two trials using Avoidance subscale of the Social ProblemSolving Inventory (SPSI-AVOIDANCE; D’Zurilla and Nezu, 1990) and two studies reporting three trials using the Cognitive Behavioral Avoidance Scale (CBAS; Ottenbreit and Dobson, 2004).”
MethodWatkins, E. R., & Moulds, M. L. (2005) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.3.319 · Cited by 450 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Despite rumination being associated with negative outcomes, currently and remitted MDD individuals report positive beliefs about the usefulness of the strategy (Watkins and Moulds, 2005b).”
Rumination and executive function in depression: an experimental study
Watkins, E. R. (2002) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.72.3.400 · Cited by 427 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Rumination has also been shown to affect executive functions such as working memory (Watkins and Brown, 2002; Joormann et al., 2011; Meiran et al., 2011) attention (Donaldson et al.”
InfluentialWilliams, J. M. G., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Brennan, K., Duggan, D. S., Fennell, M. J. V., Hackmann, A., Krusche, A., Muse, K., Von Rohr, I. R., et al. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035036 · Cited by 420 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previous studies have shown that treatment of depression using Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) have better effect on individuals with an early onset in comparison to individuals with later onset (Williams et al., 2014).”
Independent Assessment of Manic and Depressive Symptoms by Self-rating
Bauer, M. S. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810330031005 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Svaldi, J., Griepenstroh, J., Tuschen-Caffier, B., & Ehring, T. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.009 · Cited by 408 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Studies show that people with MDD report avoiding more emotional experiences than never-depressed controls (Svaldi et al., 2012; Brockmeyer et al., 2015), and that avoidance of emotional experiences is associated with symptoms of depression (Aldao et al., 2010).”
Emotion Regulation in Depression
Joormann, J., & Vanderlind, W. M. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614536163 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Self-compassion as an emotion regulation strategy in major depressive disorder
Diedrich, A., Grant, M., Hofmann, S. G., Hiller, W., & Berking, M. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.006 · Cited by 351 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Recently, self-compassion has been suggested as an important emotion regulation strategy that is particularly effective when coping with depressed mood (Diedrich et al., 2014).”
On Assessing Individual Differences in Rumination on Sadness
Conway, M., Csank, P. A. R., Holm, S. L., & Blake, C. K. (2000) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa7503_04 · Cited by 343 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Two studies reported data from the Rumination on Sadness Scale (RSS; Conway et al., 2000), and one study reported data from the subscale Rumination from Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS-RUMINATION; Leahy, 2002).”
Rumination and attention in major depression
Donaldson, C., Lam, D., & Mathews, A. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.07.002 · Cited by 337 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Rumination has also been shown to affect executive functions such as working memory (Watkins and Brown, 2002; Joormann et al., 2011; Meiran et al., 2011) attention (Donaldson et al., 2007) and cognitive control (Koster et al., 2011).”
Emotion regulation: a transdiagnostic perspective on a new RDoC domain
Fernandez, K. C., Jazaieri, H., & Gross, J. J. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9772-2 · Cited by 329 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Difficulties Recently, emotion regulation has been proposed as a transdiagnostic factor for the development of psychopathology (Fernandez et al., 2016).”
InfluentialBerking, M., Ebert, D., Cuijpers, P., & Hofmann, S. G. (2013) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000348448 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Characteristics of emotion regulation in recovered depressed versus never depressed individuals
Ehring, T. W., Fischer, S., Schnülle, J., Bösterling, A., & Tuschen‐Caffier, B. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.01.013 · Cited by 328 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, one study indicated that previously depressed individuals report limited general emotion regulation abilities compared to never-depressed individuals (Ehring et al., 2008).”
Leahy, R. L. (2002) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/s1077-7229(02)80048-7 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Wittchen, H.-U., Carter, R. M., Pfister, H., Montgomery, S. A., & Kessler, R. C. (2000) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004850-200015060-00002 · Cited by 299 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Further, MDD is associated with reduced functioning, lower quality of life and increased risk of suicide (Wittchen et al., 2000; Kessler and Bromet, 2013).”
On the relative effectiveness of affect regulation strategies: A meta-analysis
Augustine, A. A., & Hemenover, S. H. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930802396556 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Emotion regulation predicts symptoms of depression over five years
Berking, M., Wirtz, C. M., Svaldi, J., & Hofmann, S. G. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.03.003 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Examining emotion regulation as an outcome, mechanism, or target of psychological treatments
Gratz, K. L., Weiss, N. H., & Tull, M. T. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.02.010 · Cited by 288 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, it has been argued that the view of emotion regulation as having primarily to do with discrete strategies to modulate emotional experience is too narrow (Gratz et al., 2015).”
Rumination and social problem-solving in depression
Watkins, E. R., & Baracaia, S. F. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00098-5 · Cited by 271 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The first relevant studies to be published on the topic of this metaanalysis were from 2002 (Watkins and Baracaia, 2002; Watkins and Brown, 2002).”
Thompson, R. J., Mata, J., Jaeggi, S., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J., & Gotlib, I. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.01.007 · Cited by 264 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Two studies reported data from the Problem Focused and Problem Solving subscales of the COPE (Thompson et al., 2010).”
Kessing, L. V., Hansen, M. G., Andersen, P. K., & Angst, J. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.1600-0447.2003.00266.x · Cited by 258 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Epidemiological studies show that MDD is a highly prevalent (Ferrari et al., 2013), recurrent (Mueller et al., 1999), and potentially chronic disorder (Kessing et al., 2004).”
Berking, M., & Znoj, H. (2008) · Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1661-4747.56.2.141 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology
(2004) · The Regulation of Emotion · doi:10.4324/9781410610898-23 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Liu, D. Y., & Thompson, R. J. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.07.004 · Cited by 220 · cited 16× · see citing works
“However, the reviews of Liu and Thompson (2017) and Joormann and Stanton (2016) seem not to be based on systematic literature searches, as no such procedures were reported.”
InfluentialSaarijãrvi, S., Salminen, J. K., & Toikka, T. (2001) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00257-4 · Cited by 212 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Empirical studies indicate that general emotion regulation abilities including emotional clarity, awareness and tolerance are negatively associated with development of psychopathology (Saarijärvi et al., 2001) and use ofmaladaptive emotion regulation strategies (Jeffries et al., 2016).”
InfluentialJoormann, J., Levens, S. M., & Gotlib, I. H. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611415539 · Cited by 209 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Rumination has also been shown to affect executive functions such as working memory (Watkins and Brown, 2002; Joormann et al., 2011; Meiran et al., 2011) attention (Donaldson et al.”
Meiran, N., Diamond, G. M., Toder, D., & Nemets, B. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.044 · Cited by 203 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Rumination has also been shown to affect executive functions such as working memory (Watkins and Brown, 2002; Joormann et al., 2011; Meiran et al., 2011) attention (Donaldson et al.”
The Affective Style Questionnaire: Development and Psychometric Properties
Hofmann, S. G., & Kashdan, T. B. (2010) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-009-9142-4 · Cited by 203 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The theoretical rationale for the significance of general emotion regulation abilities has been articulated by several authors (e.g., Thompson, 1994; Gratz and Roemer, 2004; Berking and Znoj, 2008; Hofmann and Kashdan, 2010).”
Editorial overview: New directions in the science of emotion regulation
Tull, M. T., & Aldao, A. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.03.009 · Cited by 189 · cited 5× · see citing works
“General emotion regulation abilities have been suggested as complementary processes that likely influence the selection and successful implementation of emotion regulation strategies (Tull and Aldao, 2015).”
InfluentialExamining risk and resilience factors for depression: The role of self-criticism and self-compassion
Ehret, A. M., Joormann, J., & Berking, M. (2014) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.992394 · Cited by 185 · cited 3× · see citing works
“In addition, emotion regulation difficulties seem to persist after individuals are remitted from MDD (Ehret et al., 2015; Halvorsen et al., 2015).”
Sad as a Matter of Choice? Emotion-Regulation Goals in Depression
Millgram, Y., Joormann, J., Huppert, J. D., & Tamir, M. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797615583295 · Cited by 161 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Moreover, when individuals with MDD (Millgram et al., 2015) and dysphoria (Quigley and Dobson, 2014) are instructed to use reappraisal, they have no difficulties in doing so, and gain same beneficial reductions in negative affect as healthy controls.”
Increased suppression of negative and positive emotions in major depression
Beblo, T., Fernando, S. C., Klocke, S., Griepenstroh, J., Aschenbrenner, S., & Drießen, M. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.019 · Cited by 160 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Individual studies indicate that people with MDD suppress both positive (Beblo et al., 2012) and negative emotions (Campbell-Sills et al., 2006) more than healthy controls.”
Cognitive aspects of chronic depression.
Riso, L. P., du Toit, P. L., Blandino, J. A., Penna, S., Dacey, S., Duin, J. S., Pacoe, E. M., Grant, M. M., & Ulmer, C. S. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.112.1.72 · Cited by 157 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Only one study reported comorbid personality disorders (Riso et al., 2003).”
Neural substrates of trait ruminations in depression.
Mandell, D., Siegle, G. J., Shutt, L. S., Feldmiller, J., & Thase, M. E. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035834 · Cited by 137 · cited 1× · see citing works
“One study reported data from eight questionnaires and subscales measuring rumination, including the RRS and the RSS (Mandell et al., 2014).”
How effective are acceptance strategies? A meta-analytic review of experimental results
Kohl, A., Rief, W., & Glombiewski, J. A. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.03.004 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation Therapy: An Integrative Approach to Treatment-Resistant Anxiety Disorders
Mennin, D. S. (2006) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-006-9012-2 · Cited by 124 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In the recent years, interventions have been developed specifically to enhance emotion regulation in anxiety disorders (Mennin, 2006), personality disorders (Gratz andGunderson, 2006), and inpatient treatment for MDD (Berking et al.”
Rude, S. S., & McCarthy, C. J. (2003) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930302283 · Cited by 123 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Similarly, a study by Rude and McCarthy (2003) found that individuals remitted from MDD reported lower emotional clarity compared to never-depressed individuals.”
Positive beliefs about rumination in depression—a replication and extension
Watkins, E. R., & Moulds, M. L. (2005) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.12.006 · Cited by 109 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Despite rumination being associated with negative outcomes, currently and remitted MDD individuals report positive beliefs about the usefulness of the strategy (Watkins and Moulds, 2005b).”
The Role of Distress Tolerance in the Use of Specific Emotion Regulation Strategies
Jeffries, E. R., McLeish, A. C., Kraemer, K. M., Avallone, K. M., & Fleming, J. B. (2016) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445515619596 · Cited by 105 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Poor general emotion regulation abilities may lead to more frequent and inflexible use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies like avoidance, suppression and rumination (Jeffries et al., 2016; Naragon-Gainey et al., 2017).”
Rumination in Clinical Depression: A Type of Emotional Suppression?
Liverant, G. I., Kamholz, B. W., Sloan, D. M., & Brown, T. A. (2010) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-010-9304-4 · Cited by 99 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Further, self-reported habitual use of suppression is associated with symptoms of depression (Aldao et al., 2010), and with increased rumination (Liverant et al., 2011).”
Reduced awareness of others’ emotions in unipolar depressed patients
Donges, U.-S., Kersting, A., Dannlowski, U., Lalee-Mentzel, J., Arolt, V., & Suslow, T. (2005) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000161683.02482.19 · Cited by 89 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Compared to healthy controls, currently depressed individuals report having limited emotional awareness (Donges et al., 2005), clarity of negative feelings (Thompson et al., 2015), and more alexithymia (Loas et al., 1998; Nandrino et al., 2012).”
Aker, M., Harmer, C. J., & Landrø, N. I. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0334-4 · Cited by 68 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…to healthy controls, people who have recovered from depression report using more maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, including rumination (Aker et al., 2014; Halvorsen et al., 2015), suppression (Watkins and Moulds, 2009), and avoidance (Brockmeyer et al., 2012), although the findings on…”
Halvorsen, M., Hagen, R., Hjemdal, O., Eriksen, M. S., Sørli, Å. J., Waterloo, K., Eisemann, M., & Wang, C. E. A. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9638-4 · Cited by 62 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Compared to healthy controls, people who have recovered from depression report using more maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, including rumination (Aker et al., 2014; Halvorsen et al., 2015), suppression (Watkins and Moulds, 2009), and avoidance (Brockmeyer et al.”
Thought Control Strategies, Thought Suppression, and Rumination in Depression
Watkins, E. R., & Moulds, M. L. (2009) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2009.2.3.235 · Cited by 62 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…report using more maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, including rumination (Aker et al., 2014; Halvorsen et al., 2015), suppression (Watkins and Moulds, 2009), and avoidance (Brockmeyer et al., 2012), although the findings on suppression are somewhat contradictory (Joormann and…”
Emotional clarity as a function of neuroticism and major depressive disorder.
Thompson, R. J., Kuppens, P., Mata, J., Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000067 · Cited by 62 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Compared to healthy controls, currently depressed individuals report having limited emotional awareness (Donges et al., 2005), clarity of negative feelings (Thompson et al., 2015), and more alexithymia (Loas et al., 1998; Nandrino et al., 2012).”
Bloch, L., Moran, E. K., & Kring, A. M. (2010) · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Donofry, S. D., Roecklein, K. A., Wildes, J. E., Miller, M. A., & Erickson, K. I. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.011 · Cited by 57 · cited 1× · see citing works
“One potential mechanism in the development and maintenance of depression is difficulties with emotion regulation (Donofry et al., 2016).”
Kamholz, B. W., Hayes, A. M., Carver, C. S., Gulliver, S. B., & Perlman, C. A. (2006) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9013-1 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
An examination of trait, spontaneous and instructed emotion regulation in dysphoria
Quigley, L., & Dobson, K. S. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.848786 · Cited by 54 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, 2015) and dysphoria (Quigley and Dobson, 2014) are instructed to use reappraisal, they have no difficulties in doing so, and gain same beneficial reductions in negative affect as healthy controls.”
Nandrino, J.-L., Berna, G., Hot, P., Dodin, V., Latrée, J., Decharles, S., & Sequeira, H. (2012) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.11.003 · Cited by 52 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Compared to healthy controls, currently depressed individuals report having limited emotional awareness (Donges et al., 2005), clarity of negative feelings (Thompson et al., 2015), and more alexithymia (Loas et al., 1998; Nandrino et al., 2012).”
Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: Reliability in an english sample
Otter, C., Huber, J., & BONNER, A. B. (1995) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)00199-3 · Cited by 48 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2003), the Harm Avoidance subscale of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQHA; Otter et al., 1995), the Avoidance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ; Hayes et al.”
Anhedonia, Alexithymia and Locus of Control in Unipolar Major Depressive Disorders
Loas, G., Dhee-Perot, Chaperot, Fremaux, Gayant, & Boyer (1998) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000029041 · Cited by 44 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Compared to healthy controls, currently depressed individuals report having limited emotional awareness (Donges et al., 2005), clarity of negative feelings (Thompson et al., 2015), and more alexithymia (Loas et al., 1998; Nandrino et al., 2012).”
Brockmeyer, T., Kulessa, D., Hautzinger, M., Bents, H., & Backenstraß, M. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.045 · Cited by 37 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Studies show that people with MDD report avoiding more emotional experiences than never-depressed controls (Svaldi et al., 2012; Brockmeyer et al., 2015), and that avoidance of emotional experiences is associated with symptoms of depression (Aldao et al., 2010).”
Mood regulation expectancies and emotion avoidance in depression vulnerability
Brockmeyer, T., Holtforth, M. G., Pfeiffer, N., Backenstraß, M., Friederich, H., & Bents, H. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.03.018 · Cited by 30 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…emotion regulation strategies, including rumination (Aker et al., 2014; Halvorsen et al., 2015), suppression (Watkins and Moulds, 2009), and avoidance (Brockmeyer et al., 2012), although the findings on suppression are somewhat contradictory (Joormann and Stanton, 2016; Liu and Thompson, 2017).”
Beblo, T., Scheulen, C., Fernando, S. C., Griepenstroh, J., Aschenbrenner, S., Rodewald, K., & Drießen, M. (2011) · Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1661-4747/a000063 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ebert, D. D., Hopfinger, L., Bockting, C., & Berking, M. (2017) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.03.003 · Cited by 18 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A recent study with individuals with remitted MDD showed that higher general emotion regulation abilities following in-treatment predicted lower depressive symptoms at follow-up (Ebert et al., 2017).”
Social Problem-Solving and Vulnerability to Depression in a Clinical Sample
Bates, G. W., & Lavery, B. J. (2003) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.2003.92.3c.1277 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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The role of emotion regulation in the characterization, development and treatment of psychopathology
Lincoln, T. M., Schulze, L., & Renneberg, B. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00040-4 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Eisenstadt, M., Liverpool, S., Infanti, E., Ciuvat, R. M., & Carlsson, C. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/31170 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“Difficulties with emotion regulation are linked with increased stress [28,29], and represent an established risk factor for a range of mental health disorders such as depression [26] and bipolar disorder [30].”
Training emotion regulation through real-time fMRI neurofeedback of amygdala activity
Herwig, U., Lutz, J., Scherpiet, S., Scheerer, H., Kohlberg, J., Opialla, S., Preuss, A., Steiger, V. R., Sulzer, J. S., Weidt, S., et al. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.068 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Pettorruso, M., Valle, S., Cavic, E., Martinotti, G., Giannantonio, M. D., & Grant, J. E. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113036 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Everaert, J., Bronstein, M. V., Castro, A. A., Cannon, T. D., & Joormann, J. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103510 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
MacNamara, A., Joyner, K. J., & Klawohn, J. (2022) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.03.008 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Tanhan, A. (2019) · Journal of Positive School Psychology · doi:10.47602/jpsp.v3i2.172 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Villalobos, D., Pacios, J., & Vázquez, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.628416 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Based on the centrality of emotional components in depression, there has been abundant research addressing the etiological analysis of depression from the perspective of emotion dysregulation (Joormann and Stanton, 2016; Visted et al., 2018).”
BackgroundPsychiatric Aspects of Obesity: A Narrative Review of Pathophysiology and Psychopathology
Weiss, F., Barbuti, M., Carignani, G., Calderone, A., Santini, F., Maremmani, I., & Perugi, G. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9082344 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Similarly, a recent meta-analysis has shown that individuals who ever had MDD exhibit poorer emotion regulation capabilities relative to subjects who have never been depressed [65].”
ResultRumination in major depressive and bipolar disorder – a meta-analysis
Kovács, L. N., Takács, Z. K., Tóth, Z., Simon, E., Schmelowszky, Á., & Kökönyei, G. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.131 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Positive emotion in daily life: Emotion regulation and depression.
Vanderlind, W. M., Everaert, J., & Joormann, J. (2021) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000944 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Most research on depression narrowly focuses on the regulation of negative emotion (Liu & Thompson, 2017; Visted et al., 2018), but individual differences in ER may also help in our understanding of low levels of positive emotion.”
BackgroundRai, S., Griffiths, K. R., Breukelaar, I. A., Barreiros, A. R., Chen, W., Boyce, P., Hazell, P., Foster, S. L., Malhi, G. S., Harris, A. W. F., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01660-9 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Jahangard, L., Sadeghi, A., Ahmadpanah, M., Holsboer‐Trachsler, E., Bahmani, D. S., Haghighi, M., & Brand, S. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.09.016 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Mohammed, A., Kosonogov, V., & Lyusin, D. (2021) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.06.007 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based interventions for anxiety and depression
Bhattacharya, S., & Hofmann, S. G. (2023) · Clinics in Integrated Care · doi:10.1016/j.intcar.2023.100138 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Sadeghi Bahmani, D., Razazian, N., Motl, R. W., Farnia, V., Alikhani, M., Pühse, U., Gerber, M., & Brand, S. (2020) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2019.101380 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-compassion and emotion regulation: testing a mediation model
Paucsik, M., Nardelli, C., Bortolon, C., Shankland, R., Leys, C., & Baeyens, C. (2022) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2022.2143328 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Several meta-analyses have shown the importance of ER strategies and skills to reduce the risk of several mental disorders (e.g. Aldao & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2010; Visted et al., 2018; Webb et al., 2012).”
BackgroundActing as we feel: Which emotional responses to the climate crisis motivate climate action
Kovács, L. N., Jordan, G., Berglund, F., Holden, B., Niehoff, E., Pohl, F., Younssi, M., Zevallos, I., Ágoston, C., Varga, A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102327 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Maternal Depression in Early Childhood and Developmental Vulnerability at School Entry
Wall‐Wieler, E., Roos, L. L., & Gotlib, I. H. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-0794 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“27 The fi nding in this study that children ’ s exposure to maternal depression is associated with problematic functioning in these 2 domains at as early as 5 years of age extends the literature and offers insight into the origins of these psychosocial dif fi culties.”
BackgroundEmotion dysregulation in autism: A meta-analysis
McDonald, R. G., Cargill, M. I., Khawar, S., & Kang, E. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241257605 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“…disorders (e.g. Cai et al., 2018; Conner, White, et al., 2020), it is important to continue to expand the literature to include other significant associations that have been established in TD literature, including depression and ADHD (Bodalski et al., 2019; Uhl et al., 2019; Visted et al., 2018).”
The impact of traumatic childhood experiences on interoception: disregarding one’s own body
Schmitz, M., Back, S. N., Seitz, K. I., Harbrecht, N. K., Streckert, L., Schulz, A., Herpertz, S. C., & Bertsch, K. (2023) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-023-00212-5 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Wisting, L., Johnson, S. U., Bulik, C. M., Andreassen, O. A., Rø, Ø., & Bang, L. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-03013-0 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“acterized by persistent feeling of sadness and hopelessness, loss of interest in previously enjoyed interests [1], and emotion regulation difficulties [2].”
BackgroundHallford, D. J., Rusanov, D., Yeow, J., & Barry, T. J. (2022) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2786 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Indeed, higher rumination (Visted et al., 2018) and impaired executive functioning (Rock et al., 2014) do appear to be characteristics of remitted depression suggesting they persist once a person no longer meets criteria for major depression and may disrupt access to specific autobiographical…”
BackgroundAttentional control, rumination and recurrence of depression.
Figueroa, C., DeJong, H., Mocking, R., Fox, E., Rive, M., Schene, A., Stein, A., & Ruhé, H. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.072 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Simon, J. J., Stopyra, M. A., & Friederich, H. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8071047 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Comorbid depression is associated with increased emotion regulation difficulties [104] and researchers have not clearly determined how these comorbidities, particularly mood disorders, interact with the neural processing of emotional stimuli in patients with AN.”
BackgroundHua, Z., & Ma, D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19084676 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Palagini, L., Cipollone, G., Moretto, U., Masci, I., Tripodi, B., Caruso, D., & Perugi, G. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.056 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Burchert, S., Kerber, A., Zimmermann, J., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244955 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Emotion regulation difficulties seem to play a major role in the course of major depression [85].”
BackgroundBraniecka, A., Hanć, M., Wołkowicz, I., Chrzczonowicz‐Stępień, A., Mikołajonek, A., & Lipiec, M. (2019) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1213 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Oliva, V., Prisco, M. D., Fico, G., Possidente, C., Fortea, L., Montejo, L., Anmella, G., Hidalgo‐Mazzei, D., Grande, I., Murru, A., et al. (2023) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13618 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“11,12”
ResultPuente-Martínez, A., Páez, D., Ubillos-Landa, S., & Costa-Dutra, S. D. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01592 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Forms of affect regulation were also related to well-being (Koval et al., 2014; Visted et al., 2018).”
BackgroundNordgren, L., Monell, E., Birgegård, A., Bjureberg, J., & Hesser, H. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09765-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“…as measured by the DERS have also been found to be associated with different kinds of psychopathology such as personality disorders, posttraumatic stress disorders, depression and anxiety (e.g., Gratz et al. 2006; Sloan et al. 2017; Tull and Roemer 2007; Villalta et al. 2018; Visted et al. 2018).”
BackgroundSachs‐Ericsson, N., Carr, D. C., Sheffler, J., Preston, T. J., Kiosses, D. N., & Hajcak, G. (2019) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2019.1698516 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Meaning in life as a protective factor against depression
Tomás, M. B., Sevilla, M. D. G., Moliner, A.-R., & Sanchis-Sanchis, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1180082 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Overall, difficulties in ER appears to be a contributing factor in both the onset and recurrence of depressive episodes (Visted et al., 2018).”
BackgroundResultCognitive mechanisms underlying depressive disorders in ADHD: A systematic review
Mayer, J. S., Bernhard, A., Fann, N., Boxhoorn, S., Hartman, C. A., Reif, A., & Freitag, C. M. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.018 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Hernández, C., Rivera Ottenberger, D., Moessner, M., Crosby, R. D., & Ditzen, B. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.02.027 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Why Do People With Depression Use Faulty Emotion Regulation Strategies?
Yoon, S., & Rottenberg, J. A. (2019) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073919890670 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Schanche, E., Vøllestad, J., Visted, E., Svendsen, J. L., Osnes, B., Binder, P. E., Franer, P., & Sørensen, L. (2020) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00417-1 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationBoecking, B., von Sass, J., Sieveking, A., Schaefer, C. J., Brüeggemann, P., Rose, M., & Mazurek, B. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234807 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Emotional tension—which was primarily associated with affective pain perceptions—may similarly be addressed by applied emotion regulation interventions [93, 94, 95].”
BackgroundPilkington, P. D., Karantzas, G. C., Faustino, B., & Pizarro‐Campagna, E. (2023) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2914 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Li, J., Liu, J., Zhong, Y., Wang, H., Yan, B., Zheng, K., Lei, W., Lu, H., & Baojuan Li, A. (2021) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.08.033 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Neural basis of positive and negative emotion regulation in remitted depression
van Kleef, R. S., Marsman, J.-B. C., van Valen, E., Bockting, C., Aleman, A., & van Tol, M. (2022) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.102988 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“rumination and expressive suppression but lower use of cognitive reappraisal (Aldao et al., 2010; Joormann et al., 2007; Joormann and Michael, 2014; Visted et al., 2018).”
BackgroundHuh, H. J., Kim, K. H., Lee, H.-K., Jeong, B. R., Hwang, J. H., & Chae, J. (2021) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2020.0208 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Cui, X., Zhang, S., Yu, S., Ding, Q., & Li, X. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104549 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Addington, E. L., Cheung, E. O., Bassett, S. M., Kwok, I., Schuette, S., Shiu, E. W., Yang, D., Cohn, M., Leykin, Y., Saslow, L. R., et al. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.049 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Given that depression is associated with alexithymia and deficits in emotional awareness or clarity (Visted et al., 2018), it is conceivable that daily emotion reporting contributed to improvements in these facets of emotion regulation.”
BackgroundSaito, E., Tebbett-Mock, A. A., & McGee, M. (2020) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2019.0149 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…recently published systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that patients with MDD use maladaptive emotion regulation strategies more often, use adaptive emotion regulation strategies less often, and have lower emotion regulation ability compared with healthy controls (Visted et al. 2018).”
Keller, M., Zweerings, J., Klasen, M., Zvyagintsev, M., Iglesias, J., Mendoza-Quiñones, R., & Mathiak, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.715898 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Deguchi, A., Masuya, J., Naruse, M., Morishita, C., Higashiyama, M., Tanabe, H., Inoue, T., & Ichiki, M. (2021) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s332603 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“gesting an association between depressive rumination and depression.(11) In a 30-day follow-up study of college stu-”
BackgroundExecutive control under stress: Relation to reappraisal ability and depressive symptoms
Quinn, M. E., & Joormann, J. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103634 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Pruessner, L., Timm, C., Kalmar, J., Bents, H., Barnow, S., & Mander, J. (2024) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2024/9081139 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“The fi rst pathway to mitigating anxiety and depression symptoms involves reducing perseverative and avoidant emotion regulation strategies, such as rumination, avoidance, and suppression, which are known to maintain and exacerbate internalizing psychopathology [29, 58 – 62].”
BackgroundSahib, A., Chen, J., Cárdenas, D., Calear, A. L., & Wilson, C. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.056 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
LeBlanc, S., Uzun, B., & Aydemir, A. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00383-x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Tsai, Y., Li, C., & Juan, C.-H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1073984 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Problematic Pornography Use: The Mediating Role of Loneliness
Cardoso, J., Ramos, C., Brito, J., & Almeida, T. C. (2023) · International Journal of Sexual Health · doi:10.1080/19317611.2023.2224807 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…as their implications for interpersonal relationships and the development of psychopathological symptoms (Aldao et al., 2016; Victor & Klonsky, 2016; Visted et al., 2018), future research could expand on our work to other mental health constructs (e.g., anxiety, depression, boredom, well-being).”
BackgroundThe role of emotion regulation in perinatal depression and anxiety: a systematic review
Verhelst, P., Sels, L., Lemmens, G. M. D., & Verhofstadt, L. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02033-9 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“These findings are consistent with previous research in (non) perinatal samples [33, 35, 37, 56, 65–67].”
ResultKumar, G., Das, T., & Singh, K. (2024) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-024-09437-z · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Studies have revealed that patients with depression exhibit abnormal emotions closely linked with emotion regulation, which are reflected in their facial expressions [9, 10].”
Chung, Y. S., Poppe, A. B., Novotny, S. E., Epperson, C. N., Hedy Kober, A., Granger, D. A., Blumberg, H. P., Ochsner, K. N., Gross, J. J., Pearlson, G. D., et al. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104398 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Difficulty in emotion regulation is a proposed factor in the development and maintenance of Major Depressive Disorder (Visted et al., 2018).”
BackgroundJahangard, L., Shayganfard, M., Ghiasi, F., Salehi, I., Haghighi, M., Ahmadpanah, M., Bahmani, D. S., & Brand, S. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.05.014 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Suicidality in People With Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms or Personality Traits
Bowen, R., Rahman, H., Dong, L. Y., Khalaj, S., Baetz, M., Peters, E. M., & Balbuena, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00747 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The recurring thoughts were also recorded verbatim (79).”
BackgroundValidation of an Emotion Regulation Training Program on Mental Well-Being
LeBlanc, S., Uzun, B., Aydemir, A., & Mohiyeddini, C. (2019) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294119878399 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Riboldi, I., Crocamo, C., Callovini, T., Capogrosso, C. A., Piacenti, S., Calabrese, A., Paioni, S. L., Moretti, F., Bartoli, F., & Carrà, G. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12091155 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“In addition, it has been suggested that decreased emotion-regulation ability, known to be associated with depressive symptoms [32], is a key component of individual academic well-being [33].”
BackgroundStefan, S., & Hofmann, S. (2019) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.v1i3.32941 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
McKinnon, A., Kuyken, W., Hayes, R. A., Werner‐Seidler, A., Watson, P., Dalgleish, T., & Schweizer, S. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.061 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms in youth with ADHD: the role of impairments in cognitive emotion regulation
Mayer, J. S., Brandt, G. A., Medda, J. E., Basten, U., Grimm, O., Reif, A., & Freitag, C. M. (2022) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-022-01382-z · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“This finding is consistent with the depression literature [40, 87].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialVarela, J. J., Hernández, C., Berger, C., de Souza, S. B., & Pacheco, E. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107268 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Altaweel, N., Upthegrove, R., Surtees, A. D. R., Durdurak, B. B., & Marwaha, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1176355 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“These studies, whilst limited in range and number, suggest emotional dysregulation deficits may be important in the genesis, manifestation (59) and outcomes of depression, such as relapse (60).”
BackgroundDirection of Dependence Between Specific Symptoms of Depression: A Non-Gaussian Approach
Velázquez, R. G., Jokela, M. M., & Rosenström, T. H. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619875410 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Prefrontal-amygdala emotion regulation and depression in multiple sclerosis
Meyer‐Arndt, L., Kuchling, J., Brasanac, J., Hermann, A., Asseyer, S., Bellmann–Strobl, J., Paul, F., Gold, S. M., & Weygandt, M. (2022) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcac152 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The clinical importance of emotion regulation was indicated by studies showing that persons with depression engage more frequently in less efficient strategies (such as rumination) and appear less able to use efficient ones (such as reinterpreting and distancing).(15,20,21) The clinical importance of PFC and amygdala…”
BackgroundThe power of emotion regulation: how managing sadness influences depression and anxiety?
Zaid, S. M., Hutagalung, F. D., Hamid, H. S. A., & Taresh, S. M. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02354-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“These two disorders are accompanied by the persistence of negative emotions, such as sadness along with difficulties in regulating these emotions [27].”
Facial Emotion Recognition and Executive Functions in Insomnia Disorder: An Exploratory Study
de Almondes, K. M., Júnior, F. W. N. H., Leonardo, M. E. M., & Alves, N. T. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00502 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Thompson, R. J., Bailen, N. H., & English, T. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702621992082 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Labella, M. H., Klein, N. D., Yeboah, G., Bailey, C., Doane, A. N., Kaminer, D., Bravo, A. J., & Cross‐Cultural Addictions Study Team (2023) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.22111 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…and depressive symptoms in young adulthood (e.g., Ttofi et al., 2011), as well as links between depression and emotion regulation (Hu et al., 2014; Visted et al., 2018), rumination (Olatunji et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2020), and distress tolerance (Lass & Winer, 2020, Williams et al., 2013).”
Atta, M. H. R., El-Gueneidy, M., & Lachine, O. A. R. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01949-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Emotion regulation in emerging adult gamblers and its mediating role with depressive symptomology
Marchica, L. A., Mills, D. J., Keough, M. T., Montreuil, T. C., & Derevensky, J. L. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.078 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Differential effects of stress-related and stress-unrelated humor in remitted depression
Braniecka, A., Wołkowicz, I., Orylska, A., Antosik-Wójcińska, A., Chrzczonowicz-Stępień, A., & Bolek, E. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11515-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Yaroslavsky, I., Bush, A. H., & France, C. M. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942000098x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Metacognitions and brooding predict depressive symptoms in a community adolescent sample
Pedersen, H., Grønnæss, I., Bendixen, M., Hagen, R., & Kennair, L. E. O. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-03779-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Further, meta-analyses have shown that there is a robust positive association between rumination and depression [5, 51, 67].”
BackgroundMachine learning models for predicting depression in Korean young employees
Kim, S., Gil, M., & Min, E. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1201054 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mechanisms underpinning the mental health impact of arts engagement
Fancourt, D. E., Stringaris, A. K., & Sacco, P. L. (2026) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-026-00545-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Understanding bipolar disorder within a biopsychosocial emotion dysregulation framework
Koenders, M. A., Dodd, A., Karl, A., Green, M. J., Elzinga, B. M., & Wright, K. A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100031 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“There is some indication of greater self-reported ehavioural inhibition in those with BD compared to HC’s and MDD paients ( Meyer et al., 2001 ; Weinstock et al., 2018 ; Yechiam et al., 2008 ). hese studies examined self-reported passive avoidance of threat.”
BackgroundInfluentialEmotion regulation profiles and symptoms of depression and anxiety
Reichler, A. G., Preece, D. A., & Gross, J. J. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119548 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Gillespie, M. L., & Rao, U. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02296-z · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“, perseveration) and subsequent EF deficits (Kavanaugh et al., 2019; Visted et al., 2018).”
BackgroundAssociating Flexible Regulation of Emotional Expression With Psychopathological Symptoms
González‐Escamilla, G., Dörfel, D., Becke, M., Trefz, J., Bonanno, G. A., & Groppa, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.924305 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…in patients with various psychiatric disorders, also pointing to dysregulation in neural emotion regulation networks (Taylor and Liberzon, 2007; Gaebler et al., 2014; Rabinak et al., 2014; Wackerhagen et al., 2017, 2018; Fitzgerald et al., 2019; Khodadadifar et al., 2022; Poon et al., 2022).”
BackgroundWeihs, K., McConnell, M. H., Wiley, J., Crespi, C. M., Sauer-Zavala, S., & Stanton, A. (2019) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5037 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Preliminary evidence shows changes in ER and coping processes mediate the effects of psychotherapy for resolution of depression, but more rigorously designed studies are needed to establish causal priority.(22,25,26) To our knowledge, these mediating targets have not been tested in preventive interventions.”
BackgroundRohr, C. S., Bray, S., & Dewey, D. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001449 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“top-down modulation of visual processing and visual recognition especially in relationship to working 6 memory (67, 68) and conflict processing (50), and has been shown to be altered in major depressive 7 disorder (67), another condition in which issues with BR are readily apparent (69).”
BackgroundMechler, J., Lindqvist, K., Falkenström, F., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., & Philips, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00671 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of emotion regulation on cortisol
Mikkelsen, M. B., Tramm, G., Zachariae, R. H., Gravholt, C. H., & O’Toole, M. S. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2020.100020 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Phillips, A., Halligan, S. L., Lavi, I., Macleod, J., Robinson, S., Wilkins, D., & Hiller, R. M. (2023) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380231196107 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“This corroborates findings within the general population, which indicates strong ties between maltreatment and emotion dysregulation, and mental health problems (e.g., Gruhn & Compas, 2020; Visted et al., 2018; Weiss et al., 2022).”
ResultRegli, J., Bahmani, D. S., Rigotti, V., Stanga, Z. G., Ülgür, I. I., Fichter, C., Lang, U. E., Brühl, A. B., & Brand, S. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13154372 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Accordingly, Visted, et al. [105] speculated that poor emotion regulation and more limited social competencies might be latent risk factors for relapses of depressive episodes.”
BackgroundSanwald, S., Widenhorn-Müller, K., Gahr, M., Kammer, T., Schönfeldt-Lecuona, C., Montag, C., & Kiefer, M. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03677-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Previous studies suggest that two emotion regulation strategies, high suppression and low reappraisal, are associated with current (suppression and reappraisal) as well as remitted (only suppression) depression [41].”
BackgroundResultAlawadhi, Y. T., Smith, M. R., & King, K. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23458 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Depression core network-based individualized targeting for transcranial magnetic stimulation
Raij, T. T., Komulainen, E., Aydogan, D. B., Pamilo, S., Isometsä, E. T., & Raij, T. (2023) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2023.03.005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Mood is a prevalent emotional state that is coupled to more fleeting emotions, linking the two fundamental MDD symptoms with emotion regulation, and accumulating evidence points to dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies in MDD [21].”
Patterns and Longitudinal Changes in Negative Emotions of People with Depression on Sina Weibo
Yao, X., Yu, G., Tian, X., & Tang, J. (2019) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2019.0108 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Ruminative Inertia, Emotion Regulation, and Depression: A Daily-Diary Study.
Bean, C., Heggeness, L. F., & Ciesla, J. (2021) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.04.004 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Shi, X., Qi, H., Wang, S., Li, Z., Li, Z., & Fan, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.748064 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cui, X., Ding, Q., Yu, S., Zhang, S., & Li, X. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102480 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Letzen, J. E., Boissoneault, J., Sevel, L. S., & Robinson, M. E. (2019) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-019-00076-w · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Validity of retrospectively-reported depressive episodes
Birk, S. L., Olino, T. M., Klein, D. N., & Seeley, J. R. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.067 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Retrospective reports of depressive disorders assessed via diagnostic interviews are extensively used in studies of risk, course and outcome, epidemiology, and genetics (e.g., Bonde, 2008; Flemming & Offord, 1990; Hartman et al., 2019; Hölzel et al., 2011; Lewinsohn et al., 1994; Liu et al., 2019; Middeldorp et al., 2…”
MethodArrivillaga, C., Elhai, J. D., Rey, L., & Extremera, N. (2023) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2023-3-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Feldmann, L., Zsigo, C., Mörtl, I., Bartling, J., Wachinger, C., Oort, F. J., Schulte‐Körne, G., & Greimel, E. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.087 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- Visted, E., Vøllestad, J., Nielsen, M. B., & Schanche, E.
- Affiliations
- Haukeland University Hospital (NO)
- University of Bergen (NO)
- National Institute of Occupational Health (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Visted, Endre
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-05-18
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 756-756
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5968125
- OpenAlex
- W2800418807
- Cited by
- 337
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 3.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- L. Meltzers Høyskolefond (7183, 16545)
- Universitetet i Bergen
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, major depressive disorder, remitted depression, maladaptive emotion regulation, rumination, avoidance, emotional suppression, cognitive reappraisal, acceptance, alexithymia, emotional awareness, emotional clarity, emotional tolerance, relapse risk, anxiety comorbidity, remission duration
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