Common DNA Markers Can Account for More Than Half of the Genetic Influence on Cognitive Abilities
Open accessAbstract
For nearly a century, twin and adoption studies have yielded substantial estimates of heritability for cognitive abilities, although it has proved difficult for genomewide-association studies to identify the genetic variants that account for this heritability (i.e., the missing-heritability problem). However, a new approach, genomewide complex-trait analysis (GCTA), forgoes the identification of individual variants to estimate the total heritability captured by common DNA markers on genotyping arrays. In the same sample of 3,154 pairs of 12-year-old twins, we directly compared twin-study heritability estimates for cognitive abilities (language, verbal, nonverbal, and general) with GCTA estimates captured by 1.7 million DNA markers. We found that DNA markers tagged by the array accounted for .66 of the estimated heritability, reaffirming that cognitive abilities are heritable. Larger sample sizes alone will be sufficient to identify many of the genetic variants that influence cognitive abilities.
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Heritability estimates from genome-wide data on unrelated individuals generally support large and increasing heritability of intelligence.
“findings generally supported by heritability estimates from genome-wide data on unrelated individuals (Davies et al., 2011; Plomin et al., 2013).”
From Large Cross-National Differences in Gene × Socioeconomic Status Interaction on Intelligence (2016) · cites this paper as Plomin et al., 2013
The Discussion reports a substantial GCTA estimate for general cognitive ability, and the Genomewide Complex-Trait Analysis section reports estimates from unrelated adults and children. The paper describes increasing heritability from childhood to adulthood as a finding from developmental research, but does not show that genome-wide estimates establish that increase. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Cites
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“Cognitive data were available for 5,434 pairs at age 12 (Davis et al., 2009b); however, the twin analyses presented here, although very similar to those reported by Davis et al. (2009b), were based on only the 3,154 pairs of twins that included a member for whom GWA genotyping data were available.”
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BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
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MethodGenetic influence on family socioeconomic status and children's intelligence
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“…lower than previous chip-heritability estimates based on dichotomized AUDIT data (30 ± 12%; Mbarek et al. 2015) and considerably lower than twin based heritabilities of alcohol abuse, dependence and alcoholism (~50%; Goldman, Oroszi & Ducci, 2005; Enoch 2013) as expected (e.g. Plomin et al., 2013).”
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“Furthermore, even for anthropomorphic and cognitive traits, GCTAbased heritability estimates are about half of the twin-based estimates (Plomin et al., 2013).”
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“…Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia influence for height and body mass index (Yang et al. 2010, 2011b), psychiatric and medical disorders (Lee et al. 2011), personality (Vinkhuyzen et al. 2012), and cognitive abilities (Davies et al. 2011; Plomin et al. 2013b).”
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“However, those that do exist, coupled with insights from other cognitive domains such as intelligence (Plomin et al., 2013) and even “simple” but easily measurable phenotypes such as height (Visscher et al., 2010), suggest that at least some aspects of the variation between normal individuals in…”
BackgroundGenotype-Environment Correlation in the Era of DNA
Plomin, R. (2014) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-014-9673-7 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Comparisons between GCTA and twin study estimates of heritability generally show that GCTA accounts for about half the heritability estimates in twin studies (Plomin et al. 2013), perhaps less for behavior problems and personality (Trzaskowski et al. 2013a).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCommentary: Missing heritability, polygenic scores, and gene–environment correlation
Plomin, R. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12128 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationA meta-analysis of heritability of cognitive aging: minding the “missing heritability” gap
Reynolds, C., & Finkel, D. (2015) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-015-9280-2 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Belsky, J., Newman, D. A., Widaman, K. F., Rodkin, P., Pluess, M., Fraley, R. C., Berry, D. J., Helm, J. L., & Roisman, G. I. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000844 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
APOE and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms combine to influence episodic memory function in older adults.
Ward, D., Summers, M., Saunders, N. L., Janssen, P., Stuart, K., & Vickers, J. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.022 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Why do we differ in number sense? Evidence from a genetically sensitive investigation
Tosto, M. G., Petrill, S., Halberda, J., Trzaskowski, M., Tikhomirova, T., Bogdanova, O., Ly, R., Wilmer, J., Naiman, D., Germine, L., et al. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.12.007 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Twins Early Development Study (TEDS) is a large longitudinal study of twins born in England and Wales in 1994, 1995 and 1996 (Haworth, Davis, & Plomin, 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe future of genomics for developmentalists
Plomin, R. J., & Simpson, M. A. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000606 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…(Lee, DeCandia, et al., 2012; Lee, Wray, Goddard, & Visscher, 2011; Lubke et al., 2012), cognitive abilities (Benyamin et al., 2013; Davies et al., 2011; Deary et al., 2012; Plomin et al., 2013), personality (Vinkhuyzen et al., 2012), and economic and political preferences (Benjamin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGenetic susceptibility to accelerated cognitive decline in the US Health and Retirement Study.
Zhang, C., & Pierce, B. (2014) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.12.021 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
How Can We Study the Evolution of Animal Minds?
Cauchoix, M., & Chaine, A. (2015) · bioRxiv · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00358 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Robinson, E., Kirby, A. W., Ruparel, K., Yang, J., McGrath, L. M., Anttila, V., Neale, B. M., Merikangas, K. R., Lehner, T., Abou‐Sleiman, P. M., et al. (2014) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.65 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Recent studies using population samples have estimated that common SNPs alone explain 22-46% of variance in intelligence in childhood and 40-51% of the same differences in adulthood (4-7).”
Schmidt, F. L. (2017) · Archives of Scientific Psychology · doi:10.1037/arc0000033 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Genetic Basis of a Cognitive Complexity Metric
Hansell, N., Halford, G., Andrews, G., Shum, D., Harris, S., Davies, G., Franić, S., Christoforou, A., Zietsch, B., Painter, J., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123886 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Genome-Wide Mediation Analysis of Psychiatric and Cognitive Traits through Imaging Phenotypes
Bi, X., Yang, L., Li, T., Wang, B.-S., Zhu, H.-T., & Zhang, H.-P. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23650 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Imaging genetics, a transdisciplinary and thriving field which maps brain structures and functions to genetic variants [Bertram et al., 2007; Glahn et al., 2007; Potkin et al., 2009], has attracted a great deal of attention recently.”
BackgroundAlexander, D. (2017) · doi:10.1017/9781316493366 · Cited by 41
Gifted education: changing conceptions, emphases and practice
Matthews, D. J., & Dai, D. Y. (2014) · International Studies in Sociology of Education · doi:10.1080/09620214.2014.979578 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“There is an emerging consensus that giftedness is the result of an interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental forces, and that it is not innate but rather develops (Haworth & Plomin, 2010; Horowitz, 2000, 2009; Plomin et al., 2013).”
BackgroundGhisletta, P., Bäckman, L., Bertram, L., Brandmaier, A., Gerstorf, D., Liu, T., & Lindenberger, U. (2014) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0035201 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Genome-Wide Association Study of Receptive Language Ability of 12-Year-Olds
Harlaar, N., Meaburn, E. L., Hayiou‐Thomas, M. E., Davis, O. S. P., Docherty, S. J., Hanscombe, K. B., Haworth, C. M. A., Price, T. S., Trzaskowski, M., Dale, P. S., et al. (2014) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2013/12-0303 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationCohort effects in the genetic influence on smoking
Domingue, B., Conley, D., Fletcher, J. M., & Boardman, J. D. (2015) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-015-9731-9 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“This technique has been used to study higher-level traits such as cognitive abilities (Plomin et al. 2013), alcohol consumption (Vrieze et al. 2013), and self-reported health (Boardman et al. 2015).”
Embryo Selection for Cognitive Enhancement: Curiosity or Game‐changer?
Shulman, C., & Bostrom, N. (2014) · Global Policy · doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12123 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“However, recent work using genome-wide complex trait analysis suggests that most of the ‘ missing heritability ’ for cognitive ability can be attributed to a large number of common variants with individually tiny effect sizes (Davies et al., 2011; Benyam-in et al., 2013; Plomin et al., 2013).”
Intelligence indexes generalist genes for cognitive abilities
Trzaskowski, M., Shakeshaft, N. G., & Plomin, R. (2013) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.07.011 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive intermediate phenotype and genetic risk for psychosis.
Mark, W., & Toulopoulou, T. (2016) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2015.08.008 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Genetics and Organizational Behavior
Arvey, R., Li, W.-D., & Wang, N. (2016) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111251 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Li, W.-D., Wang, N., Arvey, R., Soong, R., Saw, S., & Song, Z.-L. (2015) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.12.005 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Predicting Cognitive Executive Functioning with Polygenic Risk Scores for Psychiatric Disorders
Benca, C. E., Derringer, J. L., Corley, R. P., Young, S. E., Keller, M. C., Hewitt, J. K., & Friedman, N. P. (2017) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-016-9814-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“…et al. 2014), and at best only a handful of SNPs have been identified for constructs related to EFs (Davis et al. 2010; Ibrahim-Verbaas et al. 2016; Plomin et al. 2013; Rietveld et al. 2014), it is difficult to assess whether the same genetic variants that predict EFs also predict these…”
BackgroundEvolutionary behavioral genetics
Zietsch, B., Decandia, T. R., & Keller, M. C. (2015) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.09.005 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Insights into the Genetic Foundations of Human Communication
Graham, S. A., Deriziotis, P., & Fisher, S. E. (2015) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-014-9277-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Role and Sources of Individual Differences in Critical-Analytic Thinking: a Capsule Overview
Bolger, D. J., Mackey, A. P., Wang, M., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2014) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-014-9279-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…knowledge, with the latter being more heritable than the former (Kan et al. 2013), the field has converged, after a number of meta-analyses, on the estimate of 0.5 for general cognitive ability, which is a higherorder index derived from both fluid and crystallized capacities (Plomin et al. 2013a).”
BackgroundInfluentialFerrara, M., Mehta, A., Qureshi, H., Avery, P., Yorston, D., Laidlaw, D., Williamson, T. H., & Steel, D. H. (2020) · American journal of ophthalmology-glaucoma · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2020.09.036 · Cited by 25
Why genome-wide associations with cognitive ability measures are probably spurious
Richardson, K., & Jones, M. C. (2019) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2019.04.005 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Pourcain, B. S., Haworth, C., Davis, O., Wang, K., Timpson, N., Evans, D. M., Kemp, J., Ronald, A., Price, T., Meaburn, E., et al. (2014) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-014-1514-5 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Alternatively, peer problems may depend on pubertal timing and relate to disparities between chronological age, social age and biological maturation (e.g. “early 1 3 maturation” hypothesis (Peterson and Taylor 1980)).”
BackgroundSelf-citationA behavior genetic analysis of the tendency for youth to associate according to GPA
Barnes, J. C., Beaver, K., Young, J. T. N., & TenEyck, M. F. (2014) · Soc. Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2014.01.001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“This was an expected finding given the large literature reporting a genetic influence on cognitive ability (e.g., Plomin et al., 2013).”
BackgroundGenetic architecture of cognitive traits
Hellard, S. L., & Steen, V. M. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12112 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The heritability of speci fi c domains such as memory is around 0.4 for verbal cognitive ability and 0.39 for language ability (Plomin, Haworth, Meaburn, Price & Davis, 2013).”
InfluentialFaul, J., Mitchell, C. M., Smith, J. A., & Zhao, W. (2016) · Biodemography and Social Biology · doi:10.1080/19485565.2015.1120645 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“For example, twin studies will include the effects of gene-by-gene interactions (G × G; epistasis), as identical twins share virtually 100 percent of their DNA sequence and thus share all genetic effects, whether additive or nonadditive (Plomin et al. 2013).”
Arslan, R. C., Penke, L., Johnson, W., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. K. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090097 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Thomas, M. S. C., Forrester, N. A., & Ronald, A. (2015) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12230 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Using this approach, Benyamin, Pourcain, Davis, Davies, and Visscher (2013) found that the similarity between SNPs could explain between 22% and 46% of phenotypic variation in childhood intelligence in three large cohorts totaling 18,000 individuals aged between 6 and 18 (see also Plomin, Haworth, Meaburn, Price, & Da…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialShame and Guilt-Proneness in Adolescents: Gene-Environment Interactions
Szentágotai-Tătar, A., Chiş, A., Vulturar, R., Dobrean, A., Nechita, D., & Miu, A. C. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134716 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Harlaar, N., Dale, P. S., Trzaskowski, M., & Plomin, R. (2014) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12207 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationPower, R., Nagoshi, C., Defries, J., & Plomin, R. (2013) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.155 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationModelling human hard palate shape with Bézier curves
Janssen, R., Moisik, S., & Dediu, D. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191557 · Cited by 16
Maksimov, M., Vaht, M., Murd, C., Harro, J., & Bachmann, T. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.03.022 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Differences in brain function also include varieties of pathology, which in turn can be nonrandomly distributed between different genotypes (Bouchard and Loehlin, 2001; Plomin et al., 2013).”
BackgroundDNA Dreams': Teacher Perspectives on the Role and Relevance of Genetics for Education
Martschenko, D. (2020) · Research in education (Manchester) · doi:10.1177/0034523719869956 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Researchers say that this phenomenon is due to the polygenic nature of the behaviour (Plomin et al., 2013); in other words, intelligence is influenced by many genes, each with a small effect size.”
BackgroundPsychometric Studies of Scientific Talent and Eminence
Feist, G. J. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781118367377.ch4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A statistical genetic investigation of psychiatric resilience
Cusack, S. E., Alıev, F., Bustamante, D., Spit for Science Working Group, Dick, D. M., & Amstadter, A. B. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2178762 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Nivison, M. D., Fearon, P., Jenkins, J. M., & Madigan, S. (2026) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/jcpp.70087 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Although language and cognitive ability are highly heritable (Plomin et al., 2013; Plomin & Spinath, 2002), Roisman and Fraley (2012) found that in behavior-genetic models, the phenotypic correlation between sensitivity and academic skills was largely attributable to environmental (shared and…”
Realo, A., van der Most, P. J., Allik, J., Esko, T., Jeronimus, B., Kööts-Ausmees, L., Mõttus, R., Tropf, F. C., Snieder, H., & Ormel, J. (2017) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12297 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Johnson, W., & Bouchard, T. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781118367377.ch14 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“While molecular methods confirm that cognitive abilities are strongly under the influence of genes (Plomin et al., 2013), despite considerable effort, often in the form of very large genome-wide association consortium studies, we currently know of no genetic variants reliably associated with…”
BackgroundCognitive Traits as Sexually Selected Fitness Indicators
Klasios, J. (2013) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034391 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…de Geus, & Deary, 2009; Segal & Johnson, 2009)—with molecular-genetic studies also confirming its heritable basis (e.g., Davies et al., 2011; Plomin et al., 2013)—it would certainly accord with Miller’s overall thesis insofar as it, too, is a latent variable that correlates with the…”
BackgroundGenome-Wide Estimates of Heritability for Social Demographic Outcomes
Domingue, B., Wedow, R., Conley, D., McQueen, M. B., Hoffmann, T., & Boardman, J. D. (2016) · Biodemography and Social Biology · doi:10.1080/19485565.2015.1068106 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Franić, S., Dolan, C. V., Broxholme, J., Hu, H., Żemojtel, T., Davies, G. E., Nelson, K. A., Ehli, E. A., Pool, R., Hottenga, J., et al. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.12.001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Alexander, D. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108566520.005
Discovering the shared biology of cognitive traits determined by genetic overlap
Guimaraes, J., Bralten, J., Greven, C., Franke, B., Sprooten, E., & Beckmann, C. (2019) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/723643 · Cited by 7
Scult, M. A., Trampush, J. W., Zheng, F., Conley, E. D., Lencz, T., Malhotra, A., Dickinson, D., Weinberger, D., & Hariri, A. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00826 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Correction: First Genome-Wide Association Study on Anxiety-Related Behaviours in Childhood
Trzaskowski, M., Eley, T., Davis, O., Doherty, S. J., Hanscombe, K. B., Meaburn, E., Haworth, C., Price, T. S., & Plomin, R. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/annotation/d320e3eb-ab8f-43ce-b341-3da36cd7ff99 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetics of Brain Aging – Twin Aging
Reynolds, C. A., & Phillips, D. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.04608-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Paternity analysis reveals sexual selection on cognitive performance in mosquitofish
Vinogradov, I., Fox, R. J., Fichtel, C., Kappeler, P., & Jennions, M. (2025) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-025-02645-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“We assigned boldness to each male as the mean time to emerge from the start zone in trials 1–8 in the inhibitory control assay.”
Fine mapping genetic associations between the HLA region and extremely high intelligence
Zabaneh, D., Krapohl, E. M. L., Simpson, M. A., Miller, M. B., Iacono, W. G., McGue, M. K., Putallaz, M., Lubinski, D., Plomin, R. J., & Breen, G. D. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep41182 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationParents’ Wisdom and Adolescents’ Cognitive, Social, and Emotional Developmental Qualities
Mazloom, M. Z., Ardelt, M., Asadi, S., & Dehghani, F. (2023) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x231155650 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Other factors than parental wisdom, such as heritability (Allegrini et al., 2019; Plomin, Fulker, Corley, & DeFries, 1997; Plomin et al., 2013), parental socioeconomic status (Cave et al., 2022; Demetriou et al., 2020; Madhushanthi et al., 2020; O ’ Connell & Marks, 2021; Rindermann & Ceci, 2018;…”
BackgroundSilva, P. R., Marinho, V., Magalhães, F., Farias, T., Gupta, D., Barbosa, A. L. R., Velasques, B., Ribeiro, P., Cagy, M., Bastos, V., et al. (2022) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2022.103317 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Talent as an unintentional agent
Papageorgiou, K. (2015) · Bioethica · doi:10.12681/bioeth.19651 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Neurobiological Strands of Developmental Dyslexia: What We Know and What We Don’t Know
Sand, L., & Bolger, D. (2019) · Reading Development and Difficulties · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-26550-2_10 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lin, Y.-J., Procopio, F., Keser, E., Kawakami, K., Rimfeld, K., Malanchini, M., & Plomin, R. (2025) · Intelligence & Cognitive Abilities · doi:10.65550/001c.140654 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationCognition and Its Shaping Effect on Sexual Conflict: Integrating Biology and Psychology
Álvarez, B., & Koene, J. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2022.826304 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Atypical Cognitive Development
Pennington, B. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy223 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Blurred Lines: A Study of Engagement in Online Learning
Chametzky, B. (2015) · doi:10.9734/bjesbs/2015/16876 · Cited by 3
Carvalho, C., & Ravindran, N. (2025) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.70125 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Although cognitive abilities are highly heritable in general across the lifespan (Plomin et al., 2013), they are also subject to environmental influences (Nisbett et al., 2012).”
Dong, L.-C., Giangrande, E., Womack, S. R., Yoo, K. G., Beam, C., Jacobson, K., & Turkheimer, E. (2023) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-023-10145-y · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Trilogy of GxE: Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Application
Grigorenko, E., Bick, J., Campbell, D., Lewine, G., Abrams, J., Nguyen, V., & Chang, J. T. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy208 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…and all subsequent ones (until recently, when the data-analytic approach changed and genomewide complex-trait analysis, GCTA, was introduced, e.g., Plomin et al., 2013), reportedly accounted for only a small proportion of the previously published heritability estimates of diseases/disorders and…”
BackgroundBiosocial theories: Behavioral genetics and sociobiology
Newman, B., & Newman, P. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815450-2.00003-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kaplan, J. M. (2014) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-014-9428-0 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The genetics of specific cognitive abilities
Procopio, F., Zhou, Q., Wang, Z.-Y., Gidziela, A., Rimfeld, K., Malanchini, M., & Plomin, R. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.02.05.479237 · Cited by 1
Self-citationGenetic Information and How It Flows
Alexander, D. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108566520.003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Plomin, R., Haworth, C. M. A., Meaburn, E. L., Price, T. S., Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2, & Davis, O. S. P.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of London (GB)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Plomin, Robert
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-03-15
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 562-568
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- PMC
- PMC3652710
- OpenAlex
- W2098272018
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 17.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (085475/Z/08/Z, WT088984, 085475/B/08/Z)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD044454, R01HD046167, HD046167, R01HD044454)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
- Keywords
- cognitive ability, heritability, missing heritability, twin studies, language skills, verbal ability, nonverbal ability, genetic variants, genotyping arrays
- MeSH terms
- Child, Cognition, Genetic Markers, Genotype, Humans, Intelligence, Phenotype, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genome-Wide Association Study
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