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Making Meaning out of Negative Experiences by Self-Distancing

Kross, Ethan, Ayduk, Ozlem·2011·Current Directions in Psychological Science

DOI 10.1177/0963721411408883

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Abstract

Both common wisdom and findings from multiple areas of research suggest that it is helpful to understand and make meaning out of negative experiences. However, people’s attempts to do so often backfire, leading them to ruminate and feel worse. Here we attempt to shed light on these seemingly contradictory sets of findings by examining the role that self-distancing plays in facilitating adaptive self-reflection. We begin by briefly describing the “self-reflection paradox.” We then define self-distancing, present evidence from multiple levels of analysis that illustrate how this process facilitates adaptive self-reflection, and discuss the basic science and practical implications of this research.

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Self-citation

Authors: Kross, E., & Ayduk, O.
Affiliations: University of Michigan (US)
University of California, Berkeley
ORCID: Kross, Ethan
Venue: Current Directions in Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2011-05-24
Volume: 20
Issue: 3
Pages: 187-191
ISSN: 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
1467-8721
DOI: 10.1177/0963721411408883
OpenAlex: W2156427607
Cited by: 460
References: 22
Citations by year: 2026: 47 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 30.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health via Writing
Keywords: self-distancing, negative experiences, meaning-making, self-reflection, rumination, emotion regulation

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Making Meaning out of Negative Experiences by Self-Distancing

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