Enhancement stimulants: perceived motivational and cognitive advantages
Open accessAbstract
Psychostimulants like Adderall and Ritalin are widely used for cognitive enhancement by people without ADHD, although the empirical literature has shown little conclusive evidence for effectiveness in this population. This paper explores one potential explanation of this discrepancy: the possibility that the benefit from enhancement stimulants is at least in part motivational, rather than purely cognitive. We review relevant laboratory, survey, and interview research and present the results of a new survey of enhancement users with the goal of comparing perceived cognitive and motivational effects. These users perceived stimulant effects on motivationally-related factors, especially "energy" and "motivation," and reported motivational effects to be at least as pronounced as cognitive effects, including the effects on "attention."
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Only one prior study (Ilieva et al., 2013) included baseline, stimulant, and placebo conditions.
“Only one study (Ilieva et al., 2013) included baseline, stimulant, and placebo conditions”
From Effects of stimulant medication on neuropsychological functioning in college students without ADHD. (2026) · cites this paper as Ilieva et al., 2013
The Methods (Procedure and materials; page unavailable) describe this paper's study as an online survey of past stimulant use and perceived effects, not a study with baseline, stimulant, and placebo conditions. The Introduction mentions a separate placebo-controlled study by the authors, but our copy does not say that this paper included the three claimed conditions or establish the claim that it was the only such study. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn that prior study, performance was not examined across the three conditions.
“however, performance was not examined across the three conditions.”
From Effects of stimulant medication on neuropsychological functioning in college students without ADHD. (2026) · cites this paper as Ilieva et al., 2013
The Methods (Procedure and materials; page unavailable) describe a survey of perceived stimulant effects, and the Discussion explicitly asks how stimulant-enhanced motivation affects actual performance. This supports that the paper did not examine actual performance. It does not describe three conditions in its own study; the Introduction mentions three task/drug conditions only when discussing Volkow et al. (2004). (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAmphetamine and its derivatives have modest cognitive benefits as prescription stimulants and enhance motivation and energy in healthy subjects.
“Although AMP and its derivatives have modest cognitive benefits as prescription stimulants and enhance motivation and energy in heathy subjects, studies have shown that they have limited cognitive effects in heathy subjects (see Ilieva & Farah, 2013; Simons et al., 2012).”
From Systematic reviews of the acute effects of amphetamine on working memory and other cognitive performances in healthy individuals, with a focus on the potential influence of personality traits (2023) · cites this paper as Ilieva & Farah, 2013
The Discussion says prescription stimulants have modest cognitive benefits and limited effects on laboratory measures in healthy young adults. It also reports laboratory evidence for motivation-related effects, but this study measured users’ perceived improvements in motivation and energy; the Discussion explicitly says it does not establish actual behavioral effects. The claim presents those perceived improvements as established effects in healthy subjects. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSimilar screening criteria have been used by other studies.
“Similar screening criteria have been used by other studies (e.g., Ilieva et al., 2013).”
From Effects of stimulant medication on neuropsychological functioning in college students without ADHD. (2026) · cites this paper as Ilieva et al., 2013
Existing literature has demonstrated that individuals without ADHD engage in NPS partly due to perceived, non-cognitive enhancements in motivation.
“Existing literature has demonstrated that individuals without ADHD engage in NPS partly due to perceived, non-cognitive enhancements in motivation (Ilieva & Farah, 2013).”
From Effects of stimulant medication on neuropsychological functioning in college students without ADHD. (2026) · cites this paper as Ilieva & Farah, 2013
Amphetamine has limited cognitive effects in healthy subjects.
“Although AMP and its derivatives have modest cognitive benefits as prescription stimulants and enhance motivation and energy in heathy subjects, studies have shown that they have limited cognitive effects in heathy subjects (see Ilieva & Farah, 2013; Simons et al., 2012).”
From Systematic reviews of the acute effects of amphetamine on working memory and other cognitive performances in healthy individuals, with a focus on the potential influence of personality traits (2023) · cites this paper as Ilieva & Farah, 2013
Some studies did not find COMT-dependent differences in executive or WM function after dexamphetamine administration.
“some studies did not find COMT‐dependent differences in executive or WM function after dexamphetamine (e.g., 5, 10 or 20 mg) administration”
From Systematic reviews of the acute effects of amphetamine on working memory and other cognitive performances in healthy individuals, with a focus on the potential influence of personality traits (2023) · cites this paper as Ilieva et al., 2013
The Introduction reports no detectable Adderall effect on executive-function and memory measures, but does not discuss whether effects differed by COMT genotype. Searches for COMT-dependent responses and dexamphetamine doses found no passage addressing the claim; the paper's general finding about cognition cannot establish the claimed absence of COMT-dependent differences. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Physical Performance Enhancing Effects of The Aqueous Extract of Alysicarpus Ovalifolius in Mice
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- Authors
- Ilieva, I. P., & Farah, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ilieva, Irena P.
- ORCID
- Farah, Martha J.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 198-198
- ISSN
- 1662-453X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3813924
- OpenAlex
- W2164544300
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- cognitive enhancement, psychostimulants, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, motivation, perceived consequences, energy, attention, Adderall, methylphenidate
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