Comparative study of children with ADHD only, autism spectrum disorder + ADHD, and chronic multiple tic disorder + ADHD
Abstract
Objective: Identification of differences among children with ADHD only, autism spectrum disorder (ASD)+ADHD, and chronic multiple tic disorder (CMTD)+ADHD may lead to better understanding of clinical phenotypes. Method: Children were evaluated using the parent- and teacher-completed questionnaires. Results: All three groups were highly similar in severity of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder symptoms; however, the ASD+ADHD group generally exhibited the most severe anxiety, although the CMTD+ADHD group had the most severe generalized anxiety. The two comorbid groups had the most involved medical histories and the greatest likelihood of a family history of psychopathology. Conclusion: Groups differed in clinically meaningful ways, and the apparent association between tics and anxiety may explain in part the elevated levels of anxiety in both comorbid groups. Collectively, results suggest that ADHD may be better conceptualized as a family of interrelated syndromes defined in part by comorbid conditions and that continued research is clearly warranted. (J. of Att. Dis. 2009; 12(5) 474-485)
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Poor social skills, language delay, sensory overresponsivity, attention problems, oppositional defiant behavior, and emotion regulation problems are frequently present in both ASD and ADHD.
“Features such as poor social skills, language delay, sensory overresponsivity, attention problems, oppositional defiant behavior, and emotion regulation problems are frequently disclosed in both ASD and ADHD.[5][6][7]”
Individuals with co-occurring ADHD and ASD have higher levels of additional psychopathology.
“Higher levels of additional psychopathology have been reported among individuals with co-occurring ADHD and ASD [19,20].”
From Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [19]
In school-aged children with ASD, those with ASD plus ADHD have more severe anxiety than children with ADHD only and children with ASD only.
“In a series of studies with school-aged children with ASD, Gadow et al. [19] reported that children with ASD plus ADHD have more severe anxiety as compared to children with ADHD only, and as compared to children with ASD only [90].”
From Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [19]
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- Authors
- Gadow, K. D., DeVincent, C. J., & Schneider, J.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gadow, Kenneth D.
- Venue
- Journal of Attention Disorders
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 474-485
- ISSN
- 1087-0547 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-1246
- OpenAlex
- W2070886235
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Attention Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH045358, MH45358)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, tic disorders, comorbidities, anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, children, clinical phenotype
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Autistic Disorder, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Tic Disorders, Comorbidity, Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
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