Is the Theta/Beta EEG Marker for ADHD Inherently Flawed?
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Despite advances in our understanding of ADHD as a neurodevelopmental disorder, robust biomarkers are yet to be established in clinical practice. More than 40 years of electroencephalography (EEG)-based research has culminated in the recent Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the theta/beta (EEG power) ratio (TBR) as a diagnostic marker of ADHD. METHOD: This review article focuses on resting-state EEG power research in ADHD. RESULTS: Inconsistent findings in the literature and suggestions of reduced specificity threaten the utility of TBR as a biomarker of ADHD. The use of fixed EEG bands may be a significant limitation, particularly in youth, and alternative approaches are needed. CONCLUSION: We propose that a personalized theta-to-alpha cut point or "transition frequency" is a better frame of reference for the measurement of TBR. Such an approach is better placed to test maturational lag and cortical hypoarousal models of ADHD and may in turn have greater utility in supporting diagnosis.
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Studies have been inconsistent in showing a clear association between theta-beta ratio (TBR) and ADHD diagnosis.
“studies have been inconsistent in showing a clear association between TBR and ADHD diagnosis (Saad et al., 2015).”
From Is autonomic nervous system function atypical in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? A systematic review of the evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Saad et al., 2015
More recent evidence from EEG studies calls into question the reliability of findings of increased slow relative to fast EEG waves in ADHD.
“Interestingly, more recent evidence from EEG studies also calls into question the reliability of the findings of increased slow relative to fast EEG waves in ADHD (see Saad et al (2015) and Loo and Makeig (2012) for reviews)”
From Is autonomic nervous system function atypical in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? A systematic review of the evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Saad et al (2015)
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Tan, E., Tang, A., Debnath, R., Humphreys, K. L., Zeanah, C. H., Nelson, C. A., & Fox, N. A. (2023) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101287 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Saad, J. F., Kohn, M. R., Clarke, S., Lagopoulos, J., & Hermens, D. F.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Saad, Jacqueline F.
- Venue
- Journal of Attention Disorders
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-03-30
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 815-826
- ISSN
- 1087-0547 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-1246
- OpenAlex
- W2078066850
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 4.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Attention Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, EEG biomarkers, diagnostic biomarkers, transition frequencies, ADHD diagnosis, youth
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Beta Rhythm, Electroencephalography, Humans, Sensitivity and Specificity, Theta Rhythm, Biomarkers
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