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Are Cultures Becoming Individualistic? A Cross-Temporal Comparison of Individualism–Collectivism in the United States and Japan
Abstract
Individualism-collectivism is one of the best researched dimensions of culture in psychology. One frequently asked but underexamined question regards its cross-temporal changes: Are cultures becoming individualistic? One influential theory of cultural change, modernization theory, predicts the rise of individualism as a consequence of economic growth. Findings from past research are generally consistent with this theory, but there is also a body of evidence suggesting its limitations. To examine these issues, cross-temporal analyses of individualism-collectivism in the United States and Japan were conducted. Diverging patterns of cultural changes were found across indices: In both countries, some of the obtained indices showed rising individualism over the past several decades, supporting the modernization theory. However, other indices showed patterns that are best understood within the frameworks of a shifting focus of social relationships and a persisting cultural heritage. A comprehensive theory of cultural change requires considerations of these factors in addition to the modernization effect.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hamamura, T.
- Affiliations
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Hamamura, Takeshi
- ORCID
- Hamamura, Takeshi
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-06-23
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-24
- ISSN
- 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7957
- OpenAlex
- W2165944469
- Cited by
- 497
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 17.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Development › Culture, Economy, and Development Studies
- Keywords
- individualism-collectivism, cultural change, modernization theory, cross-temporal change, United States, Japan, interpersonal relationships, cultural heritage, economic growth, cultural values
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Cultural Comparison, Culture, Humans, Individuality, Japan, Social Behavior, Social Change, United States
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