Historical Prevalence of Infectious Diseases Within 230 Geopolitical Regions: A Tool for Investigating Origins of Culture
Abstract
Regional differences in disease prevalence are associated with a wide array of cross-cultural differences. However, the complex relationships among culture, disease, and other ecological variables remain underinvestigated. Future research into the origins of cultural differences will benefit from the availability of a numerical index identifying the extent to which infectious diseases have been historically prevalent within regions defined by geopolitical borders. This article introduces such an index. This index is based on disease prevalence data obtained from old epidemiological atlases and is calculated for 230 geopolitical regions (mostly nations) around the world.
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Across many countries, collectivism, autocracy, traditional gender roles (women's subordination relative to men's higher status), and women's traditional sexual restrictiveness and continence are values that positively covary with one another, and occur in nations with high prevalence of infectious disease.
“Other recent cross-national studies showed that collectivism, autocracy, traditional gender roles (women's subordination relative to men's higher status), and women's traditional sexual restrictiveness and continence are values that positively covary with one another, and occur in nations with high prevalence of infectious disease.”
From Parasite-stress promotes in-group assortative sociality: The cases of strong family ties and heightened religiosity (2012) · cites this paper as Murray & Schaller 2010
The antipoles of collectivism, autocracy, traditional gender roles, and women's traditional sexual restrictiveness - individualism (hence, liberalism), democracy, and women's political rights, freedom, and increased participation in casual sex - are a positively covarying set of values and are found in countries with relatively low parasite-stress.
“Also, the antipoles of each of the values - individualism (hence, liberalism), democracy, and women's political rights, freedom, and increased participation in casual sex - are a positively covarying set of values and are found in countries with relatively low parasite-stress”
From Parasite-stress promotes in-group assortative sociality: The cases of strong family ties and heightened religiosity (2012) · cites this paper as Murray & Schaller 2010
The historical pathogen prevalence measure is internally reliable; across a worldwide sample of 160 countries, the 9-item index has Cronbach's alpha = .84.
“This measure is internally reliable; across a worldwide sample of 160 countries, the 9-item index has Cronbach's alpha = .84”
From Pathogens and Politics: Further Evidence That Parasite Prevalence Predicts Authoritarianism (2013) · cites this paper as [29]
Previous analyses reveal that all four authoritarian governance variables are predicted by measures of parasite stress.
“previous analyses reveal that all four variables are predicted by measures of parasite stress [7], [29].”
From Pathogens and Politics: Further Evidence That Parasite Prevalence Predicts Authoritarianism (2013) · cites this paper as [29]
Country-level differences in authoritarian governance were even more strongly predicted by historical parasite prevalence than by modern-day parasite prevalence.
“Additional analyses revealed that country-level differences in authoritarian governance were even more strongly predicted by a measure of historical (rather than modern-day) parasite prevalence [29]”
From Pathogens and Politics: Further Evidence That Parasite Prevalence Predicts Authoritarianism (2013) · cites this paper as [29]
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Morand, S., & Walther, B. A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22014-4 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Health and the avoidance of macroparasites: a preliminary cross-cultural study
Prokop, P., Uşak, M., & Fančovičová, J. (2009) · Journal of Ethology · doi:10.1007/s10164-009-0195-3 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
A Genetic Component to National Differences in Happiness
Minkov, M., & Bond, M. H. (2016) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-015-9712-y · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A Socioecological-Genetic Framework of Culture and Personality: Their Roots, Trends, and Interplay
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Parasitical cultures? The cultural origins of institutions and development
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Explaining illness with evil: pathogen prevalence fosters moral vitalism
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Culture Creation and Change: Making Sense of the Past to Inform Future Research Agendas
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Consanguinity as a Major Predictor of Levels of Democracy
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Self-citationSocial capital and the cost of bank equity: Cross-country evidence
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Individualism, economic freedom, and charitable giving
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- Authors
- Murray, D. R., & Schaller, M.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Murray, Damian R.
- Venue
- Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-10-15
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 99-108
- ISSN
- 0022-0221 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-5422
- OpenAlex
- W2113281787
- Cited by
- 446
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 29.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Culture, Economy, and Development Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
- Keywords
- infectious disease prevalence, geopolitical regions, cultural origins, cross-cultural comparison, cultural evolution
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